Bi_4Ti_3O_(12)陶瓷的制备及微观结构

以过量的Bi2O3和TiO2为组分,采用固相烧结法制备Bi4Ti3O12陶瓷。借助XRD和SEM分析相成分和微观结构。结果表明:经750℃/2h预烧后,合成粉体由Bi4Ti3O12、少量的Bi12TiO20和Ti5O9以及Bi2O3组成。成型烧结后,Bi12TiO20和Ti5O9的衍射峰消失,出现了Bi2Ti2O7的衍射峰。1000℃烧结后,Bi2Ti2O7的衍射峰消失,产物基本为Bi4Ti3O12相。SEM分析表明,温度低时,气孔较多,晶粒较细;温度升高后,晶粒长大,气孔减少;到1000℃时,气孔显著减少,晶粒尺寸约为2～5μm。     

低压ZnO压敏电阻中Bi2O3-TiO2相变过程的研究

在最高温度950℃、1050℃、1150℃、1250℃4个温度下,采用2种配方:98.3%ZnO-0.7%Bi2O3-1.0%TiO2(摩尔分数),相应的无TiO2配方99.3%ZnO-0.7%Bi2O3(摩尔分数),分别制备样品进行对比研究。发现前者在950℃和1050℃的烧结温度下,没有形成明显Bi2O3偏聚的晶界;在1150℃和1250℃下,却形成了清晰的富铋晶界。而后者在950℃、1050℃、1150℃、1250℃4个温度下均形成了非常明显且清晰可辨的ZnO晶粒和晶界。通过XRD及相对峰强分析,发现了Bi2O3和TiO2在低压ZnO压敏电阻中的相变过程,并对其在烧结过程中的作用提出新的解释。     

ZnO压敏电阻器的性能及发展

简要回顾了ZnO压敏电阻器的历史，阐述了ZnO压敏电阻器的性能以及当前基础性研究的现状，并对其发展进行了展望。研究了Bi2O3和TiO2的掺杂对低压ZnO压敏电阻性能和微观结构的影响规律，从理论上分析了Bi2O3和TiO2添加剂的作用机理。为ZnO压敏电阻的低压化提供了理论依据和方法。     

ZnO超微粉的溶胶-凝胶法制备及晶体生长特征

利用溶胶－凝胶法以醋酸锌及硝酸铋和醋酸锰制备了纯ZnO以及Bi2O3,MnO掺杂的ZnO超微粉体,通过X射线衍射分析和透射电镜分析,研究了不同温度和不同掺杂条件下ZnO粉体的生长特征,结果表明,ZnO晶体的生长掺杂元素和制备温度的显著影响,未掺杂的纯ZnO晶体生长具有各向同性特征,晶体呈各边近相等的六边形,Bi2O3,MnO掺杂后,ZnO晶体表现出显著的定向生长特征,晶体呈板状、棒状等形态,掺杂量为0．5％－1．0％摩尔分数时,晶体定向生长最为显著,700℃下制备的BiO3,MnO掺杂的ZnO晶体短轴一般为40－180nm,长轴200－600nm,极少数晶体长达2μm以上,而进一步提高杂量时,晶体定向生长则逐渐减弱,700℃下制备的掺杂量为2．0％摩尔分数的ZnO晶体基本上无定向性,表明ZnO晶体的生长受次晶相的显著影响。     

Bi_2O_3/Li_2O助熔剂BST介电陶瓷的低温烧结研究

采用固相反应制备了低温烧结(Ba0.71Sr0.29)TiO3-x Bi2O3/Li2O(x=0.02、x=0.03、x=0.05)陶瓷,差热分析结果表明助熔剂Bi2O3/Li2O可降低(Ba0.71Sr0.29)TiO3陶瓷的烧结温度至820℃并获得相对密度为97%的BST陶瓷。X射线衍射发现制备过程有少量次生相生成,分别为Li2TiO3和Ba2TiO4。实验结果表明Bi2O3/Li2O助熔剂降低了(Ba0.71Sr0.29)TiO3的铁电性,这也是导致介电常数和介电损耗降低的原因。低温烧结机理涉及碳酸钡的中间体的形成,Li离子的熔融态迁移至BST结构中提供了促进反应进行的液相。     

不同氧化物掺杂对KNN无铅压电陶瓷性能的影响

为了获得压电性能高、稳定性好的无铅压电材料,利用传统固相烧结法制备(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-(Bi0.5 Li0.5)TiO3-BaZrO3(简称KNN-BLT-BZ)无铅压电陶瓷.通过掺杂不同的氧化物,研究了不同氧化物掺杂对KNN-BLT-BZ无铅压电陶瓷性能的影响.实验表明,利用Ni2O3进行掺杂所得陶瓷的压电及铁电等性能最优:d33=265 pC/N,Qm=109,kp=0.34,tanδ=0.026,Pr=22.4μC/cm2,Ec=1.37 kV/mm,并且具有较高的居里温度(253℃);Fe2O3掺杂则可以明显提高陶瓷应变,促进晶粒长大,提高Qm、d33和室温下εr,降低室温下介电损耗;ZnO掺杂会降低压电陶瓷介电损耗,提高损耗的温度稳定性;掺杂Ag2O后会使陶瓷烧结温度提高.     

钛酸铋陶瓷靶材的热压烧结

纯相、高致密度、结晶良好的陶瓷靶材是物理气相沉积薄膜的前提.采用热压烧结方法制备钛酸铋(Bi4Ti3O12)陶瓷靶材,重点研究了制备工艺对靶材的物相、微观结构和致密度的影响.以Bi2O3和TiO2微粉为原料,采用固相反应法,在800℃合成出纯相的Bi4Ti3O12粉体;加入过量3wt%的Bi2O3,可以有效防止烧结过程中因Bi挥发所产生的杂相,得到纯相的Bi4Ti3O12陶瓷;采用热压烧结方法,进一步实现了Bi4Ti3O12粉体的致密烧结,确定了适宜的制备条件为850℃,30MPa,2b,在该条件下制备的Bi4Ti3O12陶瓷致密度达到99%,晶粒呈片层状,大小约2-4μm,可满足靶材制备薄膜的需求.     

碳热还原法合成TiB_2的热力学分析与研究

以30μm TiO2(w(TiO2)>99.8%,金红石型)、50 μm B2O3(w(B2O3)>99.5%)及10μm石墨粉(w(C)>99%)为原料,按n(TiO2):n(B2O3):n(C)=1:1:5进行配料后放入不锈钢球磨罐中抽真空球磨24 h,然后将反应混合物移入石墨坩埚内置于热压炉中,分别在1 250、1 350、1 400、1 500、1 600、1 700℃保温4 h进行反应.对以TiO2、B2O3、石墨粉为原料合成TiB2的反应体系进行了热力学计算,并对反应产物进行XRD与SEM分析.热力学计算表明,上述3种原料通过碳热还原反应合成硼化钛的反应开始温度为1 556 K.而合成产物的XRD分析表明,生成硼化钛的开始温度为1 350℃以上.碳热还原TiO2和B2O3合成TiB2的反应机理应为C还原TiO2,其中间产物为Ti3O5、Ti2O3、TiO,然后这些中间产物与B2O3一起逐渐被C还原生成TiB2.SEM分析表明,TiB2颗粒呈不规则短柱状,粒度为5～10m;当反应温度达到1 700℃以上时,硼化钛晶粒有长大的现象.     

掺杂TiO_2制备低压ZnO压敏陶瓷

主要研究了晶粒助长剂TiO2、烧成条件等对ZnO低压压敏陶瓷电性能的影响。结果表明:TiO2的掺入能显著促进晶粒生长,降低压敏电压V1mA,但掺入量超过一定值后一方面会生成阻止晶粒继续生长的晶界反应层,促使压敏电压又有所升高,另一方面会生成钛酸铋立方相而引起富铋晶界相含量的减少,导致非线性特性下降。提高烧成温度可以促进晶粒生长,降低压敏电压,但温度过高时由于铋的挥发加剧,利用提高烧成温度降低压敏电压会引起非线性特性和漏流等性能的劣化。     

低温烧结多层片式压敏电阻器

通过对压敏粉体进行DSC分析 ,确定低温烧结配方的较佳烧成温度在 95 0℃附近 ,以 10 %钯 - 90 %银的合金为内电极 ,制得电性能良好的多层压敏电阻器。扫描电镜分析发现其晶粒尺寸约为 3～ 6 μm ,大小较为均匀。XRD分析表明低温烧结的瓷体具有类似高温烧结的瓷体的物相组成 ,即ZnO相、尖晶石相 (SP)Zn7Sb2 O12 、焦绿石相 (PY)Zn2 Bi3 Sb3 O14 以及 β -Bi2 O3 、γ -Bi2 O3 等富Bi相。由于在内电极中大大降低了的贵重金属钯的使用量 ,大大地降低了生产成本。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.