波长参考FBG波长解调系统分析与设计

对利用波长标记法布里-珀罗标准具作为波长参考计算FBG波长的方法进行分析,设计了基于数据采集卡的FBG波长解调系统硬件电路及软件系统.测试结果表明,所设计的硬件电路与光路解调系统配合,可获得高质量法布里-珀罗标准具及FBG光谱信号,在15℃～60℃测量区间内,系统测量误差小于1.6667pm.     

基于频谱分区的高精度光纤光栅波长解调系统

设计了一种基于频谱分区的高精度光纤光栅波长解调系统。在传统的法布里-珀罗滤波器法中加入法布里-珀罗标准具动态校准滤波器的波长读取值,很好地消除了由滤波器调谐的温度漂移和蠕动引起的测量误差;同时利用标准具及放大自发辐射(ASE)光源特性进行频谱分区解调,大大降低了滤波器调谐时非线性的影响,使得解调系统具有很高的解调精度和很好的稳定性。实验结果表明,系统的稳定性为0.97 pm,分辨率达到了0.33 pm,温度解调线性度为0.9999。     

光通信系统中新型可调谐半导体激光器的设计

为了适应当前光通信系统对波长可调谐激光器的需求,提出用游标效应来实现波长可调谐的激光器,设计了一种功率稳定且频率可调的三段式开槽法布里-珀罗结构可调谐半导体激光器,给出了系统结构的设计原理,并进行了理论分析和实验验证。取得了三段式开槽法布里-珀罗结构可调谐半导体激光器激射谱叠加图数据,利用光纤延迟自外差法测量激光器线宽,对比了3种不同激光器的线宽测量曲线。结果表明,基于游标效应设计的新型开槽法布里-珀罗可调谐半导体激光器波长调谐机制简单方便,且具有很好的单模性和信道切换能力。该研究在未来的光通信领域中具有一定的应用价值和实际意义。     

脉冲式可调谐染料激光器的性能研究

本文给出脉冲式可调谐染料激光器的结构参数及其泵浦源的性能参数。重点介绍脉冲式染料激光器的波长覆盖范围及用光栅和法布里-珀罗标准具压缩谱线宽度等研究工作、实验结果及测试方法。简单给出染料激光器其他性能的实验数据。     

法布里-珀罗腔在可调谐CO_2激光器中的应用

锐度较高的法布里-珀罗腔可以用来选择CO_2激光谱线,锐度较低的法布里-珀罗腔可以用来扩展可调谐CO_2激光器的谱线范围,并提高它的输出功率。本文分析了NaCl法布里-珀罗窗与管轴垂直使用的可调谐CO_2激光器的运转特性。     

用可调谐法布里-珀罗腔测量光纤光栅波长

提出了一种利用压电陶瓷构成的可调谐法布里 -珀罗腔测量光纤光栅反射波长的方案 ,该方案可以直接将波长转换为电信号。阐述了该方案的基本原理 ,并讨论了在设计法布里 -珀罗腔时应考虑的几个问题。     

平流层飞艇激光风速仪的设计和分析

准确的风场数据对于平流层飞艇实现长时间驻空任务有着重要的安全保障作用。针对20 km高度处空气稀薄的特点，为实现平流层飞艇航行环境的风场探测需求，设计了波长为532 nm的直接探测多普勒光纤激光风速仪。使用双通道法布里-珀罗标准具为鉴频器和波长可调谐的脉冲光纤激光器，完成了系统的结构设计。系统参考了相干测风激光雷达的光路设计，采用收发合置的望远镜设计方案，无探测盲区，接收视场角较小，提高了全天探测的性能。利用液晶相位延迟器的光束偏振特性可实现光路探测方向的控制。以最小的风速探测误差为标准，通过仿真分析选取了法布里-珀罗标准具的各项参数，并对系统的风场探测性能进行了分析。仿真过程中，激光器的平均功率为500 mW，积分时间为10 s，距离分辨率为100 m，分析结果表明，风速误差在500 m探测距离内小于1 m/s，计算得出的风向误差在风速大于10 m/s的情况下，其风向精度优于5°。     

基于共焦法布里-珀罗腔的无调制激光频率锁定

将激光器锁定到合适的参考频率上,可以有效改善激光器的频率稳定性。对于共焦法布里-珀罗(CFP)腔,沿腔轴的光路与同腔轴有一小夹角的光路对应的光程不同,因此二者对应的腔共振透射峰的频率之间会发生相对频移。这一特性可用来产生以共焦法布里-珀罗腔作为频率标准稳定激光频率的类色散型鉴频曲线,而不需要对激光频率或者共焦法布里-珀罗腔长进行调制扰动,也无需采用相敏探测。实验中实现了自制的852 nm光栅反馈半导体激光器相对于共焦法布里-珀罗腔的无调制频率锁定,由闭环锁定后的误差信号分析,30 s内典型的频率起伏小于340 kHz,较相同时间段内激光器自由运转时的频率起伏(约10 MHz)有了显著的改善。还通过调节入射到共焦法布里-珀罗腔两光束之间的夹角来改变频移量,对不同频率间隔下的类色散型鉴频曲线的斜率以及对激光器锁频后的频率稳定性作了比较。     

激光线性扫频法快速标定法布里-珀罗标准具参数

法布里-珀罗标准具是一种精密的光学仪器,其光谱窄、精细度高,广泛应用于精细距离的测定、信号的检测分析等。标准具其自身参数的快速测量和准确标定成为诸多光学研究必不可少的步骤。针对法布里-珀罗标准具参数测量,设计快速标定实验方案,采用窄线宽(线宽1 kHz)激光光源,数字示波器采用泰克DPO4104B(1 GHz,5 GS/s)进行采样存储,直接利用屏幕图像测试并计算标准具的主要参数指标。准确标定了所测法布里-珀罗标准具的自由谱宽、半高全宽、精细度、品质因数以及扫频常数,比较分析了两种不同测试方案所得到结果。为开展法布里-珀罗标准具参数的快速准确标定提供技术参考。     

近红外波长扫描激光高精度FBG解调系统

光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）由于其轻巧、规模小、不受电磁干扰和复用能力的影响等优点,广泛用于监视结构健康、机械运行、航空航天和其他领域。引入可调谐扫描激光（TSL）来研制近红外（NIR）范围内的精确光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）波长解调系统,实现高速度、宽范围、高精度的解调。采用一种光纤法布里-珀罗标准具（FFPE）用作波长标记以提取波长在细分波长扫描范围内实现分段线性解调,解决可调扫描激光器带来的非线性问题。引入了另一种光纤法布里–珀罗标准具,实现解调的高精度校准。提出一种多项式最小二乘曲线拟合算法,进一步提高解调的准确性和稳定性,利用了波长范围为1525~1565 nm的近红外波长扫频激光器,得到了非常优异的结果,解调系统的精度为±0.5 pm,实现了高精度、简易化和小型化。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.