基于非成像光学的LED路灯透镜设计方法

LED作为新型的绿色光源,在道路照明领域迅速发展.道路照明要求LED路灯在路面形成均匀性良好的矩形光斑,这就需要设计自由曲面透镜来达到配光要求.简要介绍了目前常见的自由曲面透镜设计方法,并就偏微分方程法和网格法进行了详细介绍与比较,认为网格法更具有良好的研究前景.     

非球面内表面调制的自由曲面配光透镜设计方法

传统自由曲面LED配光透镜由于在自由曲面求解时存在误差,往往导致最终配光效果不理想。为了进一步提高配光效果,提出基于非球面内表面调制的自由曲面配光透镜设计方法,采用非球面内表面对自由曲面的求解误差进行补偿,有效地减小了自由曲面的误差对配光效果的影响。通过对自由曲面求解误差进行定量计算,建立用于补偿误差的非球面内表面设计方法,形成了基于非球面内表面调制的自由曲面配光透镜的完整的设计思路。将这一方法应用于矩形照明区域的LED路灯透镜设计之中,相对于传统自由曲面配光透镜,照度均匀度由0.66提高到0.73,能量利用率从47.3%提高到63.2%。     

自由曲面LED路灯反射器设计

针对LED路灯反射器设计中存在的中心光强较强、两边渐弱、均匀度不高等问题提出了一种新的"V型结构"光学反射器,该结构的反射器将每一个路灯覆盖的照明区域等分成两部分.由能量守恒原理建立起LED光源出射光线的角度与照明平面上的坐标的对应关系,根据对应关系计算反射器自由曲面上的点坐标.通过建模软件把诸多点拟合成曲面实体,将实体导入光学软件进行照明仿真.结果表明:该路灯反射器的照度均匀度达到77.85%,可在目标路面上形成照度均匀的矩形光斑.     

实现大范围均匀照明的LED透镜二次光学设计

提出了一种新的、利于实施计算的实现大范围均匀照明的LED灯具透镜设计方法。基于能量守恒定理和光线折射Snell定理,通过Matlab编程计算出自由曲面透镜坐标点。借助CAD软件和光学模拟软件Tracepro,模拟了自由曲面透镜的具体应用,在光源高为3m,接收面直径为10m的圆形照明区域,得到了均匀度达80%以上的照度分布,该设计可以应用在商场、工厂等室内照明灯具上。     

基于经纬划分和切面迭代的自由曲面LED透镜设计

根据非成像光学原理,提出了基于经纬划分和切面迭代的自由曲面求解方法。先在三维坐标系中建立自由曲面与目标面的相对位置模型,并对自由曲面沿经纬方向角度均分;再根据自由曲面各经纬带上能量与目标面各微带上能量对应相等,实现目标面网格划分并求得与自由曲面各网格对应的目标节点坐标;选取自由曲面初始网格节点,利用Snell方程和切面迭代法,沿经纬方向分别求解,得自由曲面各节点坐标,即可拟合成所求自由曲面。对用该方法设计的LED透镜进行模拟,结果表明对于目标面为轴对称区域的均匀照明,该方法可快速精确地获得对应的光学系统,使得LED光源能够广泛应用于道路照明系统中。     

自由曲面LED汽车前照灯光学透镜设计方法

由于LED配光特性不同于传统光源,为了将LED 应用于汽车照明中需对LED 进行二次光学设计。文中根据LED 汽车前照灯的配光特性,提出了一种自由曲面LED 汽车前照灯光学透镜的设计方法。首先由能量守恒原理,在接收屏上的坐标和透镜自由曲面上的坐标之间建立能量的一一对应关系,基于非成像光学理论,采用照度优化设计法,运用数值计算求解出光学透镜曲面各个点坐标的坐标值,并使用三维模型软件制作出透镜光学模型。通过蒙特卡洛模拟法来追迹光线仿真,最后的配光效果完全满足《汽车用LED前照灯》（GB25991-2010）标准,系统的光学效率得到显著提高,可达到91%。     

一种面向LED扩展光源的道路配光设计

在多车道的道路照明中,需要非对称矩形配光。本文根据非成像光学理论,建立点光源空间与目标照明面之间的拓扑关系,采用合适的反馈优化方法,获得面向扩展光源且在路面上形成均匀非对称矩形光斑的反射器,仿真结果表明,配光后光源的能量基本上被限制在20m×12m的矩形区域内,且实现了非对称的配光,横向照度均匀度达到了85%,纵向照度均匀度达到了80%,满足道路照明要求;并且通过开模实际测试出整体的照度均匀度为80.13%,验证仿真结果以及证明了设计方案的可行性和反射器在路灯灯具中的实用性。     

Scheme语言的LED自由曲面透镜快速建模方法

传统的自由曲面透镜建模通常需要多个软件共同协作完成,其建模过程繁琐,且由于不同软件之间的不兼容会导致模型在导入光学仿真软件时出现微小形变。提出一种在光学仿真软件中利用Scheme语言直接进行快速建模的LED自由曲面透镜建模方法。根据光源辐射特性和需要实现的照明面上的能量分布,采用划分网格法,利用Snell方程和能量守恒定律, 沿经纬方向分别迭代求解, 在得到自由曲面各节点坐标后,分别采用3D建模软件和Scheme语言编程构建透镜模型。通过光学仿真软件,模拟计算了100万条光线,直径1mm的光源在距离地面10 m、面积为40 m10 m的照明区域内的照度分布。结果表明:利用Scheme语言在光学仿真软件中直接快速建模避免了模型从3D软件导入光学仿真软件时产生的微小形变从而使光照均匀度由67%提升到93.5%。同时Scheme语言编程建模仅需5 s,建模速度远高于3D建模软件。     

基于照度分割反馈法的扩展光源背光源设计

以LED为扩展光源,提出一种基于照度分布分割与反馈的方法为LED设计非常紧凑的光学自由曲面透镜,进而设计实现了大距高比(DHR)的直下式背光源.与子光学面联接构成光学面的过程相对应,总照度分布被分割为子照度分布.通过修正子光学面来调整子照度分布,使得总照度分布足够接近于目标照度分布,所需光学面就被构建出来了.该设计过程不依赖于仿真,简便易行,适用广泛.作为实例,一个非常紧凑(透镜的中心高度与LED尺寸相等)的自由曲面透镜被设计出来,作为直下式背光源的配光透镜.仿真结果表明,背光源照度分布的均匀度达到了0.91,相对标准差(RSD)低至0.020 2,总的光能利用率达到了85.5％.     

基于自由曲面非对称配光的LED路灯眩光抑制研究

针对LED道路照明中的眩光问题,基于自由曲面透 镜设计,提出一种非对称单侧蝠翼配光方法。进行眩光抑制。分析了LED路灯眩光成因,得 出消除眩光的非对称单侧蝠翼配光要求,通过非成像光学设计,以能量守恒定律与折射定律 为理论基础,对自由曲面进行迭代优化,将普通LED的朗伯型分布曲线变 换为单侧蝠翼型的配光曲线,从而改变LED路灯的照明角度,实现抑制眩光的目的。仿真结 果表明, 本文方法设计在单向通行的照明环境下,可以实现照度均匀度优于0.65,同时消除眩光,具有良好的应用和发展前景。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.