2019年江西省3城市居民食物消费量调查结果与分析

目的 通过2019年江西省3城市居民食物消费量调查的研究,了解3城市居民膳食结构与营养素摄入情况。方法 采取多阶段分层整群随机抽样法,抽取南昌市新建区、吉安市井冈山市、九江市濂溪区共362户1 251人进行入户调查。膳食调查采用家庭称重记账法和非连续3 d 24 h回顾询问法相结合,收集食物消费量资料,分析每标准人日各类食物和营养素摄入状况。结果 2019年江西省3城市居民畜禽肉类、食用油和食用盐每标准人日摄入量分别为111.70、31.06、7.78 g;蔬菜类、水果类、蛋类及其制品、奶类及其制品每标准人日摄入量分别为240.53、47.97、27.91、26.31 g;谷薯类、水产品类每标准人日摄入量为398.30、42.95 g;蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的供能比分别为14.68%、33.74%、51.50%。膳食钙、维生素A、维生素B₁、维生素B₂、维生素C每标准人日摄入量低于平均需要量的分别占89.74%、72.41%、89.04%、82.85%、60.21%;钠每标准人日摄入量超过适宜摄入量100%以上的占74.18%。结论 江西省3城市居民能量、蛋白质摄入量基本满足膳食要求,脂肪供能比偏高,碳水化合物供能比偏低,部分营养素存在摄入不足或过高现象,且蔬菜类、水果类及奶类食物摄入量偏低。建议继续加强膳食营养知识宣教,鼓励提倡居民合理搭配膳食。     

2011年北京市顺义区居民膳食营养摄入状况调查

调查2011年北京市顺义区居民膳食营养摄入状况。方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法,按全区经济发展程度和地理位置分为城区、经济发达农村、经济欠发达农村三层。每层随机选取两个社区或乡村,在每个社区或乡村随机选取463户1761人作为研究对象,研究每个调查户所有成员食物消费、营养素摄入以及营养素的食物来源情况。结果 顺义区居民谷类、豆类、蛋类、蔬菜摄入较合理,水果、奶类和鱼虾类食物摄入偏低,分别为建议摄入量的50%、17%和13%。肉类、油和盐的摄入量偏高,分别超出推荐值的2%、88%和78%。能量摄入下降趋势明显,维生素A、B₁、B₂、钙的摄入量占推荐摄入量(RNI)的百分比偏低,分别为72.3%、64.3%、57.1%和50%,脂肪供能比偏高,蛋白质质量有待提高。结论 北京市顺义区居民部分营养素摄入不足,需优化膳食结构。     

2016—2017年中国12～17岁儿童青少年能量及宏量营养素摄入状况

目的:分析2016—2017年中国12～17岁儿童青少年能量及宏量营养素摄入状况,为引导中国12～17岁儿童平衡膳食和合理营养提供科学依据。方法:数据来源于2016—2017年中国儿童与乳母营养健康监测数据,采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,在全国31省抽取275个监测点开展营养健康监测。膳食调查采用连续3 d 24 h膳食回顾法收集食物摄入信息,采用食物秤称重记录家庭或学校食堂连续3 d食用油和调味品的摄入量,依据《中国食物成分表》计算能量和三大宏量营养素的摄入量。结果:2016—2017年中国12～17岁儿童青少年膳食能量、碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质的平均每人日摄入量分别为1 995.0 kcal、253.8 g、84.5 g、61.4 g。碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质的供能比分别为50.6%、37.1%、12.3%。72.9%的儿童青少年脂肪供能比高于推荐值30%、48.0%的儿童青少年碳水化合物供能比低于推荐值50%、22.6%的儿童青少年蛋白质供能比低于推荐值10%。儿童青少年膳食脂肪来源于食用油、动物性食物和植物性食物的比例分别为43.9%、36.6%、19.6%。12～17岁儿童青少年平均每人日膳食能量、碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质的摄入量均随年龄的增长而增加,男生高于女生,能量、蛋白质和脂肪摄入量存在城乡差异,城市高于农村(P0.01)。城市儿童青少年蛋白质供能比达到中国居民膳食宏量营养素可接受范围(AMDR)的比例高于农村(P0.01)。结论:中国12～17岁儿童青少年每人日膳食能量基本满足,三大宏量营养素供能比不合理。能量、蛋白质和脂肪摄入量存在城乡差异,农村儿童脂肪供能比增幅过快亟待关注。     

应用军人膳食平衡指数评价飞行人员膳食质量

目的 应用军人膳食平衡指数（DBI）评估飞行人员的膳食质量状况,为飞行人员的膳食指导、营养干预工作提供依据。方法 采用称质量法分别对3个空军航空兵部队开展膳食调查,运用军人DBI评分方法评价飞行人员膳食质量。结果 被调查飞行人员的食物摄入情况显示,与GJB 826B—2010《军人食物定量》（三类灶部分）进行比较,仅有谷类和大豆类摄入达标,畜肉、禽蛋、植物油和水果摄入超标,其余种类摄入均不达标;蔬菜、菌藻、禽肉、鱼虾类、奶类摄入不足,分别为标准的84.00%、61.68%、54.59%、45.15%和36.99%。与《中国居民膳食指南2016》一般人群推荐摄入量进行比较,食盐摄入超标,添加糖摄入不达标。与GJB 823B—2016《军人营养素供给量》（空勤飞行人员部分）进行比较,锌、维生素A、维生素B₁和维生素B₂摄入不达标,分别为标准的89.85%、87.53%、69.33%和64.33%;钠、铁和维生素E摄入量超标,分别为标准的232.82%、241.07%和353.77%。三大产能营养素蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的供能比分别为17.44%、43.87%和38.71%,比例明显不均衡,呈“高脂肪、低碳水化合物”模式。飞行人员食物摄入定量研究结果与军人DBI评分基本吻合,军人DBI评分显示,被调查飞行人员存在低度膳食失衡。结论 被调查飞行人员膳食结构不合理;部分食物和营养素摄入量不足;军人DBI评分显示膳食结构存在低度膳食失衡。应进一步调整飞行人员膳食结构,同时加强对飞行人员的营养健康教育,促进合理的营养行为。     

乳母膳食营养素摄入量与母乳渗透压的关系研究

目的：了解产后不同阶段母乳渗透压的变化及其与乳母膳食营养素摄入状况的关系。方法：对北京市顺义区的120例哺乳妇女进行问卷调查和膳食调查,计算每日膳食营养素摄入量,采用STY-2型渗透压摩尔浓度测定仪检测所收集母乳样品的渗透压,采用单因素方差分析比较产后4个阶段母乳渗透压的差异,采用多元回归分析分析乳母膳食营养素摄入情况与母乳渗透压的关系。结果：产后5d、10d、50d乳母三大营养素中蛋白质和脂肪的摄入量占总能量的比例偏高,而碳水化合物的摄入摄入量占总能量的比例偏低,多数矿物质和维生素的摄入量有不同程度的缺乏;膳食钾、铁、叶酸摄入量与渗透压呈正相关关系（P〈0．05）,而维生素B2、维生素C、维生素E、硒、锰摄入量与渗透压呈负相关关系（P〈0．05）。结论：乳母膳食营养素摄入量与母乳渗透压之间存在统计学相关性,但尚需进一步研究和讨论。     

山东城乡乳母维生素B_1、B_2和烟酸膳食摄入情况对比分析

日的:调查城市及农村乳母维生素B1、B2和烟酸的膳食摄入情况,了解城乡乳母的相关维生素营养状况。方法:选择山东省某城市和农村0—2岁婴幼儿健康母亲(乳母)为调查对象,共92名;其中,某城市乳母34名、某农村乳母58名。采用食物频率法收集调查对象消费的食物种类,24h膳食回顾法收集调查对象维生素B1、B2和烟酸摄入情况;通过膳食多样化评分(DDS)对其日常膳食摄入水平进行分析与评价。结果:食物消费种类结果显示,城乡乳母均以粮谷类、蔬菜类消费最高,达到90%以上。城市乳母豆类消费较低,仅为61.8%;蛋类和奶及奶制品类每日摄入量较高,分别达到109.38g和220.12g;豆类及豆制品类摄入量偏低,仅为28.55g。农村乳母粮谷类每日摄入量较高,达到374.44g;畜禽肉类和鱼虾类摄入量偏低,分别仅为26.44g和20.19g。对比分析结果显示,农村乳母膳食中粮谷类摄入量高于城市乳母,而畜禽肉类、鱼虾类、蛋类、奶及奶制品和水果类摄入量却明显低于城市乳母(P均0.05)。膳食多样化评分(DDS)结果显示,城市乳母DDS评分平均为7.24,农村乳母DDS评分平均为5.26;城市乳母得7分所占比例较高,达32.4%,而农村仅为9.0%;城市乳母烟酸量摄入量较为充足,达到RNI的80%以上,维生素B1、维生素B2摄入不足,分别达到RNI的65%、77.6%;而农村地区乳母维生素B2、烟酸均不足,分别仅达到RNI的20%、39.9%;城市乳母维生素B2、烟酸摄入量明显高于农村乳母(P均0.05)。结论:城乡乳母膳食多样化差异显著,农村乳母膳食多样化水平更低,农村乳母维生素B2、烟酸缺乏,与膳食结构较单一有关,城乡乳母膳食结构有待改善。     

山西省出生缺陷高发地区育龄妇女膳食组成及营养素研究

目的了解山西省出生缺陷高发地区育龄妇女的膳食结构和营养状况,为营养改善工作提供依据。方法随机抽取山西省中阳、交口、柳林3个县218名18～45岁育龄妇女为研究对象,采用食物频率法进行调查,并以中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量为标准,评价膳食能量和各种营养素摄入状况。结果调查对象膳食结构以粮谷类和蔬菜类为主,约占食物总摄入量的75%左右;动物性食物摄入普遍不足,仅占膳食组成的11%左右。微量营养素钙、锌、叶酸、维生素B2和维生素A的缺乏较为严重;产能营养素供能比例失调。结论山西省出生缺陷高发地区育龄妇女膳食结构不合理,微量营养素摄入普遍不足。     

北京大学医学部集体就餐学生营养调查

分析集体就餐学生群体能量摄入量和各种营养素摄入水平。方便抽样集体就餐学生共40名作为调查对象,通过称重法与24h膳食回顾法分别估算能量和营养素水平。在3d时间内,男生的平均能量摄入量为2 260±588kcal/d;女生为2 022±461kcal/d,低于我国目前现行的轻体力活动成年男女能量推荐量。男女生各餐供能比分别为早餐14.2%、23.0%;午餐31.5%、24.4%;晚餐39.6%、27.6%;三餐外进食分别为14.7%和25.0%。3大营养素供能比(碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质)男生分别为51.4%、35.2%、13.4%;女生分别为50.7%、36.1%、13.2%。膳食中矿物质和维生素摄入量普遍不足。膳食结构中脂肪提供的能量比例增加,早餐供能比过低,蔬菜水果和乳制品摄入量不足,矿物质维生素未达到推荐量是目前该群体普遍现象,应增加在校集体就餐学生食物品种的多样性,对大学生集体就餐群体制定相应干预策略。     

北京市朝阳区中小学生膳食营养摄入状况监测与分析

目的:调查2015年北京市朝阳区中小学生膳食营养摄入状况。方法:将"2015年北京市学生营养与健康状况监测"中朝阳区170名中小学生作为研究对象,采用连续3d 24h膳食回顾和称重法进行膳食调查,依据中国食物成分表计算中小学生平均每日食物消费及营养素摄入状况。结果:北京市朝阳区中小学生谷薯杂豆类、蛋及蛋制品、食用油和盐的平均每日摄入量为较为适宜,蔬菜、水果以及大豆类为推荐摄入下限值的50%~75%;奶及奶制品、水产类和坚果类摄入量分别为推荐摄入下限值的40.3%和36.8%(11岁组和≥11岁组)、34.0%和14.6%(11岁组和≥11岁组)以及26.6%和7.0%(11岁组和≥11岁组);畜禽肉类高达推荐摄入上限值的130.3%和191.0%(11岁组和≥11岁组学生)。能量的平均摄入量为1 628.1 kcal,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的平均摄入量分别为60.0、67.7、203.1g,供能比分别占14.6%、37.2%和48.2%。中小学生维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2和维生素C平均摄入量达到推荐摄入量(RNI)的比例分别为35.3%、20.6%、28.8%和41.8%。钙的摄入状况最差,仅1.2%的学生达到了RNI;硒、铁和锌平均摄入量达到RNI的比例分别为38.8%、75.3%和75.9%。结论:北京市朝阳区中小学生膳食结构不够合理、微量营养素摄入不足的情况普遍存在。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎入境筛查患者膳食营养调查

目的:了解新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)入境筛查患者膳食状况,为改善其营养状况提供科学依据。方法:采用食物频率法调查2020年3月25日—2020年6月18日于定点医院就诊的18～50岁COVID-19入境筛查患者(包括可疑症状患者及无症状感染者)的饮食状况,计算能量及营养素摄入量,并与中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量进行比较。结果:调查共纳入247人,其中可疑症状患者211人、无症状感染者36人。筛查患者水产类、蔬菜、水果、大豆类存在不同程度的摄入不足;畜禽类、蛋类摄入过量;膳食纤维、硫胺素、钙摄入不足;无症状感染者水产类摄入量高于可疑症状患者(P 0.05);男性无症状感染者膳食纤维及维生素E摄入量高于可疑症状患者,女性无症状感染者维生素E及钾摄入量高于可疑症状患者(P 0.05)。筛查患者蛋白质供能比及优质蛋白比例合理,无症状感染者脂肪供能比偏高、碳水化合物供能比偏低。结论:入境筛查患者膳食结构不合理,应对其进行营养宣教,并根据人群特点调整饮食结构。     

Nutrient inadequacies among elderly residents of long-term care facilities.

PURPOSE: Regular, non-therapeutic diets were examined in long-term care (LTC) residents to determine whether these residents consumed adequate nutrients according to current recommendations. METHODS: Elderly (88 +/- 8 years) residents (31 female, 17 male) in five Saskatoon LTC centres participated. All were receiving regular diets. Dietary intakes were collected for three days at breakfast, lunch, and dinner, by using simultaneous weighed and observation methods. Snacks provided and eaten were also recorded. RESULTS: Observed intakes provided more complete data on nutrient intake than did weighed intakes. Inadequacy was most prevalent (in 70% or more of participants) for folate (according to prefortification intake levels), magnesium, zinc, vitamin E, and vitamin B6; inadequacy prevalence was below 50% for protein, vitamin C, and thiamine. Mean intakes of calcium, vitamin D, and dietary fibre were well below their respective Adequate Intake (AI) values. Energy consumed at meals and with snacks was 16% less than that offered at meals alone; other nutrients ingested ranged from 0% to 32% below energy offered. To model nutrient planning, target usual intake distributions were calculated where possible. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that nutrient-dense foods alone may not allow elderly LTC residents to meet intake requirements for many nutrients. Assessment of dietary adequacy in institutionalized elderly people allows for the development of realistic nutrition goals.     

某部推进剂作业人员膳食营养素摄入状况调查

目的：了解某部推进剂作业人员的膳食情况,并对其食物构成、营养素含量进行分析,以指导推进剂作业人员合理膳食、改善营养状况、提高机体抵抗力.方法：选取某部南、北方两个伙食单位,采用称重法进行连续5d的膳食调查.结果：推进剂作业人员脂肪类食物摄入过多,谷物类摄入偏少;能量、蛋白质、尼克酸摄入量接近军标;维生素E、维生素C、铁、硒摄入量超过军标;维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2、钙、锌摄入量不足,均未达军标.结论：推进剂作业人员膳食结构不合理,呈现高脂肪、低碳水化合物的膳食趋势;同时存在某些营养素超标而另一些营养素缺乏的现象.应减少脂肪摄入,增加蔬菜、水果、牛奶、海产品、豆类及制品的摄入,合理调整膳食结构.     

Nutrient inadequacy in obese and non-obese youth.

PURPOSE: In this study, the Dietary Reference Intake standards were used to evaluate the prevalence of inadequate intakes of micronutrients in obese and non-obese youth. METHODS: Dietary intake was analyzed with a dietary history taken by a registered dietitian. The obese group (n=156) had a body mass index (BMI) above the 95th percentile for age and sex. The non-obese group (n=90) was between the tenth and 85th BMI percentiles. RESULTS: In the obese subjects, the prevalence of inadequate intakes was 81% for vitamin E and 27% for magnesium; the proportions with intakes below the Adequate Intakes (AIs) for calcium and vitamin D were 55% and 46%, respectively. The obese children consumed 124% of estimated need for energy, 32% of which came from fat. The non-obese had a similar prevalence of inadequate intakes (vitamin E, 93%; magnesium, 29%; calcium, 51%; vitamin D, 44%). They consumed 107% of estimated need for energy, and 31% of energy came from fat. For both groups, all other nutrient intakes were adequate. CONCLUSIONS: Even though children may consume an excess of energy, they may not be meeting all of their micronutrient needs.     

常熟市城乡居民膳食结构分析

目的:了解常熟市城乡居民膳食结构及营养素摄入情况,为改善居民膳食现状、制定符合本地实际的营养干预政策提供依据。方法:采用3日称重、24h膳食回顾和食物频率调查问卷相结合的膳食调查方法,由专业调查员入户进行食品称重、问卷询问和记录。结果:常熟市调查人群的膳食结构不尽合理,存在着水果、奶类等摄入偏低,植物油和食盐等摄入过量,总能量、膳食纤维、维生素A、硫胺素、核黄素、钙、钾、镁、锌、硒等营养素摄入量不足,钠、铁超过参考摄入量等问题。结论:必须采取综合措施,加强膳食指南的健康教育和营养干预,从而提高营养与健康水平,预防和控制营养相关疾病。     

孕中期女性营养素补充剂使用状况分析

目的：了解孕期女性在怀孕期间各种营养素补充剂的使用情况,为进一步针对孕期营养指导和干预提供科学依据。方法：在北京医院产科常规查体的孕妇在孕22w记录3d的饮食记录,其中包含营养素补充剂的使用情况。计算出3d饮食及营养素补充剂中主要营养素的摄入量等。结果：孕期多种营养素补充剂的使用率均超过50％（其中钙62．7％、铁56．9％、锌55．6％、维生素A54．2％、B族维生素56．2％）,钙的摄入量仍然偏低,平均为891．39±359．93mg／d,其它主要营养素的摄入量均达到推荐摄入量;但没有使用孕期营养素补充剂的孕妇,除了维生素c以外,多数营养素均低于中国居民膳食推荐摄入量。结论：营养素补充剂在孕妇每日饮食摄入中占据重要作用,孕期应合理补充。     

Improved Diet Quality and Increased Nutrient Intakes Associated with Grape Product Consumption by U.S. Children and Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003 to 2008

Fruit contributes to dietary nutrient density and consumption of fruit in several forms (whole, dried, or 100% juice) has been reported to be associated with a healthier dietary pattern. The goal of this study was to examine the associations of the consumption of grapes (including fresh grapes, raisins, and 100% grape juice) with diet quality and food group/nutrient intake. A secondary analysis of Natl. Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003 to 2008 data was conducted to compare grape consumers (GC) with nongrape consumers (NGC) among children aged 2 to 19 y (n = 9622) and adults 20+ y (n = 12251). GC were defined as those who mentioned the consumption of fresh grapes, raisins, or 100% grape juice during 1 or both 24‐h recall interviews. Compared to NGC, GC had higher Healthy Eating Index 2005 (HEI‐2005) scores and higher intakes of total and whole fruit along with lower intakes of solid fat, added sugars, and calories from solid fats, alcohol, and added sugars (SoFAAS). Among adults, GC also had higher intakes than NGC of total and dark green/orange vegetables. Among both age groups, GC had higher intake than NGC of several key nutrients including dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, and potassium. Consumption of grape products is associated with a healthier dietary pattern and higher intake of key nutrients by both children and adults.     

Food frequency questionnaire for assessing infant iron nutrition.

A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was developed and tested for assessing iron nutrition in infants through comparison with a three-day food record (3d-FR) and measures of iron status. Parents of 148 infants aged eight to 26 months completed a 3d-FR and an FFQ. Blood was collected for measures of hemoglobin (Hgb), ferritin, and transferrin receptor (sTfR). Iron deficiency anemia and iron depletion (ferritin < or =12 microg/L) were found in 9% and 26% of infants, respectively. The intakes of energy, total iron, heme and non-heme iron, vitamin C, and dietary fibre determined by the FFQ were associated with the intakes of the same nutrient determined by the 3d-FR (p<0.05). The intakes of energy, total iron, non-heme and heme iron, vitamin C, and fibre were significantly higher when estimated by the FFQ than by the 3d-FR. Total and heme iron intakes determined by the FFQ were significantly associated with serum ferritin, sTfR, and the sTfR:ferritin ratio (p<0.05). However, iron intakes explained <10% of the variability in iron status. Despite relative validity of the FFQ for evaluating differences in energy, iron, vitamin C, and fibre intake compared with a 3d-FR, FFQs need further development before they can be used to advance assessment of iron intake and status in infants.     

An analysis of the etiology of anemia and iron deficiency in young women of low socioeconomic status in Bangalore, India

BACKGROUND: Anemia and iron deficiency are significant public health problems in India, particularly among women and children. Recent figures suggest that nearly 50% of young Indian women are anemic. OBJECTIVES: Few studies have comprehensively assessed etiologic factors contributing to anemia and iron deficiency in India. Hence, this study assessed the relative importance of various factors contributing to these problems in young women of low socioeconomic status in Bangalore, India. METHODS: A random sample of 100 nonpregnant, nonlactating women 18 to 35 years of age, selected from among 511 women living in a poor urban settlement, participated in this study. Data were obtained on demography, socioeconomic status, anthropometry, three-day dietary intake, blood hemoglobin, hemoglobinopathies, serum ferritin, serum C-reactive protein, and stool parasites. RESULTS: The prevalence rates of anemia and iron deficiency were 39% and 62%, respectively; 95% of the anemic women were iron deficient. The mean dietary iron intake was 9.5 mg per day, predominantly from the consumption of cereals, pulses, and vegetables (77%). The estimated bioavailability of nonheme iron in this diet was 2.8%. Dietary intakes were suboptimal for several nutrients. Blood hemoglobin was significantly correlated with dietary intake of fat, riboflavin, milk and yogurt, and coffee. Serum ferritin was significantly correlated with intake of niacin, vitamin B12, and selenium. Parasitic infestation was low. CONCLUSIONS: An inadequate intake of dietary iron, its poor bioavailability, and concurrent inadequate intake of dietary micronutrients appear to be the primary factors responsible for the high prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency in this population.