湖北地区不同品种蓝莓果汁加工品质特征及抗氧化活性评价

为探讨湖北省不同蓝莓品种的果汁加工品质特征及抗氧化活性,以‘杰兔’、‘布里吉塔’、‘莱格西’、‘奥尼尔’、‘密斯蒂’、‘北陆’和‘蓝雨’7个蓝莓品种的新鲜果实为材料,测定其理化指标和感官品质,运用关联分析方法对不同品种蓝莓的抗氧化物质的含量和抗氧化性进行分析评价。结果表明:不同蓝莓品种间的品质特性差异较大,‘杰兔’的果实较大,可溶性固形物含量高,‘密斯蒂’、‘奥尼尔’和‘莱格西’果实大小中等,酸甜比例适中,比较适合鲜食。‘布里吉塔’果实非常大,水分含量较高,出汁率也高,但pH非常低,比较适合于果汁加工。‘北陆’和‘蓝雨’的果实小,果胶含量较高。‘杰兔’的抗氧化活性物质含量明显高于其他蓝莓品种,而‘布里吉塔’抗氧化活性物质的含量最低,并且与总花色苷、总酚和总黄酮的含量显著相关。     

四个圆叶葡萄品种果实品质及主要营养组分的分析比较

比较了4个圆叶葡萄品种‘Noble’、‘Alachua’、‘Carlos’和‘GV’引种到成都的果实品质和主要营养成分。绿色品种‘Carlos’和‘GV’的单粒质量大于紫色品种‘Noble’和‘Alachua’;4个品种果实的可溶性固形物含量(total soluble solid, TSS)均在15%～18%,可滴定酸含量在0.36%～0.52%。酒石酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸和柠檬酸是圆叶葡萄主要的有机酸。4个品种果实中酚类物质含量差异显著,其中‘Noble’果皮中总酚、总黄酮、黄酮醇、单宁含量均最高;‘Alachua’果肉中总酚、总黄酮和黄酮醇的含量最高。葡萄的不同部位单体酚含量差异显著,果皮中阿魏酸和咖啡酸含量较高,而葡萄籽中阿魏酸和对羟基苯甲酸含量较高。综合比较,紫色品种具有更高的抗氧化物质含量和更佳的口感,适合鲜食推广。     

基于主要功能成分含量的不同品种枇杷叶评价

为探明不同品种枇杷叶中主要功能成分含量差异,给枇杷叶的加工利用提供理论参考,以生长在陕南安康的14个品种枇杷叶为材料,通过测定总黄酮、总酚、三萜酸、多糖、维生素C等主要成分含量以及ABTS阳离子自由基清除率和FRAP值指标,并运用主成分分析法对枇杷叶品质进行综合评价。结果表明:‘佳伶’、‘培优’和‘麦后黄’叶片中总黄酮、总酚和三萜酸含量较高,抗氧化活性较强,具有更好的药用价值和功能性。‘西农枇杷2号’和‘津云’叶片中多糖和维生素C含量较高,具有较好的营养价值。主成分分析评价结果,综合排名前三的品种依次为‘佳伶’、‘麦后黄’、‘培优’。     

2种草莓成熟过程中果实特征品质指标的变化

研究‘米拉’(‘Mira’)和‘哈尼’(‘Honeoye’)2个草莓品种的白色未熟期、粉色转熟期和红色成熟期3个阶段成熟过程中与风味、生理功能活性相关的特征品质指标变化。结果表明随着草莓成熟果实中总可溶性固形物含量、芳香性挥发成分、花色苷成分积累量有显著性上升,而总酸、总酚、总黄酮含量和抗氧化能力均有所下降。相关性和主成分分析结果表明,草莓成熟过程中总酚、总黄酮、总可溶性固形物和总酸含量均与总抗氧化-亚铁还原能力(ferric reducing-antioxidant power,FRAP)以及氧自由基吸收能力(oxygen radical absorption capacity,ORAC)的变化之间存在高相关性(r为0.859 1~0.994 7),而总花色苷含量与FRAP和ORAC之间的相关性仅为0.315 0和0.385 3。同时得出草莓果实的成熟度与芳香性挥发成分和花色苷组分积累量呈正相关性。     

五个玫瑰香味葡萄品种在兰州地区的栽培表现

将5个具有玫瑰香味的葡萄品种‘贵妃玫瑰’‘爱神玫瑰’‘巨玫瑰’‘醉人香’和‘醉金香’引入兰州进行试栽,通过观察和记载它们的物候期、果实经济性状、生长结果习性、植物学性状和抗病性,测定糖、酸等指标。结果表明,5个品种在兰州地区栽培适应性较强,穗形整齐、品质优良、香味浓郁,深受消费者青睐;但也具有各自的缺陷,‘贵妃玫瑰’表现果穗较紧;‘爱神玫瑰’有小青粒现象;‘醉人香’有生理落果现象,果实不耐贮运;‘醉金香’有生理落果现象,果穗较疏松。因此,各品种在兰州地区种植需加强花果管理,才能获得高质量的果品。     

3 种梨果实发育过程中酚类物质及其抗氧化能力分析

为进一步了解新疆主要栽培品种梨生长发育期果实酚类物质和抗氧化能力的变化规律,选取‘库尔勒香梨’‘早酥梨’及其杂交后代‘新梨7号’果实为试材,对其总酚、总黄酮、酚类物质含量以及1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除能力和2,2’-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸（2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS）阳离子自由基清除能力进行分析。结果表明：3 种梨果实总酚含量、总黄酮含量、DPPH自由基清除能力在整个生长发育过程中总体呈逐渐降低的变化趋势,ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力呈先降低后升高再降低的变化趋势,花后50 d‘早酥梨’果实中总酚和总黄酮含量、DPPH自由基清除能力最高,分别达23.10、32.25 mg/g和29.12 μmol/g;花后80 d,‘早酥梨’果实ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力最高,达80.74 μmol/g。不同生长发育期同品种梨果实的酚类物质含量均存在明显差异,果实中的熊果苷、儿茶素、绿原酸、表儿茶素、槲皮葡萄糖苷、山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷含量总体逐渐降低,其中熊果苷含量最高,平均值为5 797.82 μg/g,其次是绿原酸含量,平均值为1 781.02 μg/g。梨果实中总黄酮、总酚、熊果苷、儿茶素、绿原酸、表儿茶素含量与DPPH自由基清除能力呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。3 种梨幼果期（花后50 d）酚类物质及抗氧化能力较高,‘早酥梨’总酚含量、总黄酮含量、DPPH自由基清除能力和ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力均比‘库尔勒香梨’和‘新梨7号’高。     

中早熟苹果品种的贮藏品质和酚类物质差异分析

中早熟苹果品种可以丰富水果市场,是苹果产业重要的组成部分,研究其贮藏特性及品质差异意义重大。本实验以‘鲁丽’‘鲁艳’两个苹果新品种为研究对象,以其亲本‘嘎啦’为参照,探究3种苹果的贮藏品质和酚类物质差异。结果表明：相比于‘嘎啦’苹果,‘鲁丽’苹果可溶性固形物质量分数最高,果皮a*值最大,外观品质最佳、适于鲜食,而‘鲁艳’苹果总酸度高、固酸比低,贮藏期间乙烯释放量高,不耐贮藏。与‘嘎啦’和‘鲁艳’苹果相比,‘鲁丽’苹果有着最高的总酚、总黄酮含量和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除率,抗氧化能力最强。3种苹果主要的酚类物质也因品种、成熟度和果实部位存在差异,‘嘎啦’和‘鲁丽’苹果果肉均以绿原酸含量最高,而‘鲁艳’苹果表儿茶素含量最高,果皮酚类物质含量高于果肉。相关性和主成分分析表明果实硬度与a*值有高度显著负相关性（P<0.001）,可溶性固形物质量分数与总酚、总黄酮、绿原酸含量和DPPH自由基清除率存在高度显著正相关（P<0.001）,主成分1主要由总酚、总黄酮、绿原酸、表儿茶素含量等指标决定,成熟...     

不同品种枣果实发育过程中多酚类物质、VC含量的变化及其抗氧化活性

为探索不同品种枣果发育过程中多酚类物质与抗氧化活性的动态变化规律,对灰枣、鸡心枣、梨枣、赞皇枣、磨盘枣、葫芦枣6 个枣品种的不同发育期果实中多酚类物质的含量及组成和VC含量及抗氧化活性进行分析测定。结果表明,供试各品种枣果实中总酚、总黄酮、VC含量和抗氧化活性均在采摘初期（幼果期）为最高,其后随着果实的发育呈逐渐下降趋势。其中总酚、总黄酮含量在绿熟期前下降迅速,绿熟期以后变化趋缓,果实接近成熟时则趋于平稳,全红期果实可较采摘初期降低60%以上;VC含量和抗氧化活性在白熟期前下降较快,白熟期后降幅变小。高效液相色谱（high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC）分析结果显示,儿茶素、表儿茶素、芦丁是供试各品种枣果实中最主要的酚类物质,这些酚类物质含量在枣果实发育过程中也呈下降趋势,但在不同品种间存在较大差异。供试枣果实抗氧化活性与其中的总酚、总黄酮、VC以及儿茶素、表儿茶素、芦丁等主要酚类物质的含量均存在极显著相关关系（P＜0.01）,其中尤以芦丁、表儿茶素、儿茶素与抗氧化活性的相关性较高,说明芦丁、表儿茶素、儿茶素等多酚类物质是枣果中最主要的抗氧化活性成分。磨盘枣、葫芦枣具有较高的多酚类物质含量和抗氧化活性,鸡心枣具有较高的VC含量,是功能性枣果及其加工制品生产的理想品种。     

红枣酱的体外抗氧化作用

以总酚含量、总黄酮含量、原花青素含量、DPPH.清除能力及总抗氧化能力为试验指标,研究了红枣酱中酚类化合物的组成及其抗氧化活性。结果表明:红枣酱中主要的酚类化合物为酚酸类物质,多以酯键合态形式存在。与红枣原料相比,红枣酱的总酚和原花青素含量均下降,而总黄酮含量升高,抗氧化活性增强,表明红枣酱具有强抗氧化活性。     

刺梨果实发育过程中主要活性物质含量及其抗氧化性分析

为了解刺梨果实中活性物质含量变化及其对抗氧化性能的贡献,本研究测定‘贵农5号’刺梨果实发育过程中总酚、总黄酮、总三萜、VC及超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）5 类主要活性物质含量,同时采用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼、2,2’-联氮基-双-（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐和铁离子还原体系分析体外抗氧化能力,并比较活性物质与抗氧化能力之间的相关性。结果显示,不同发育时期的刺梨果实中各活性物质的变化趋势不尽相同：VC含量随果实发育持续增加,花后100?d达到最大值;总酚、总黄酮和总三萜含量变化基本一致,均呈现先降低后升高的趋势,即幼果（花后20～40?d）和成熟果实中具有更高含量;而花后40～60?d的果实中SOD活性更强。总体上,3?种抗氧化能力表现与总酚含量变化一致,相关性分析显示它们之间呈极显著正相关关系（P＜0.01）。主成分分析显示5种活性物质对抗氧化能力贡献的顺序依次为总酚、总黄酮＞VC＞总三萜＞SOD,其中前3 种物质的累计贡献率达到80%以上。以上结果表明,刺梨果实的抗氧化能力是几类物质协同作用的结果,但其中总酚、总黄酮和VC起着决定性作用。     

福建省4 个果梅主栽品种果实营养品质、香气成分分析与评价

以福建省4 个果梅主栽品种青竹梅、龙眼梅、杭梅和白粉梅为试材,分析测定果实的主要性状和营养成分,包括单果质量、果实大小、VC、总酚、类黄酮、可溶性糖、有机酸、香气组分以及矿质元素含量。结果表明,4 个果梅品种VC、总酚、类黄酮、可溶性糖、有机酸、香气组分以及矿质元素含量存在显著差异。果梅主要可溶性糖为蔗糖,其次为葡萄糖和果糖;主要有机酸为柠檬酸,其次为苹果酸、琥珀酸、乙酸和奎宁酸;4 个果梅品种果实共检测出110 种挥发性物质,包括30 种酯类、26 种醇类、17 种醛类、15 种酮类、7 种酸类以及15 种其他类,其中有26 种物质为4 个品种共有成分,2-己烯醛、己醛、己醇和反式-罗勒烯醇可能是果梅特征香气的重要物质;4 个果梅品种含有较高的K、Ca和Se含量。通过主成分分析提取,得出综合得分品种最高为青竹梅,青竹梅果实挥发性物质相对总含量高于其他3 个品种且综合品质最佳,适宜作为选育果梅良种的育种材料。本研究结果为明确果梅营养价值评价及其在良种选育、生产加工中的合理利用提供理论依据。     

Comparative polyphenolic antioxidant profile and quality of traditional apple cultivars as affected by cold storage

‘Kathista’ and ‘Lortiko’ are regarded as traditional and highly appreciated apple cultivars in Cyprus, yet their postharvest behaviour and phytochemical content are largely unknown. Such fruits were examined for their qualitative traits, phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity after harvest or short, intermediate or extended cold storage and additional ripening at room temperature (RT), using ‘Gala’ as reference cultivar. Total phenolic content was dependent on cultivar and length of cold storage, while hydroxycinnamic acids were always at higher levels compared to total flavonols for all the examined cultivars. No clear trends regarding the influence of cold storage or RT maintenance on fruit antioxidant properties were evident. Overall, quality attributes and polyphenolic content of the traditional apple cultivars were comparable with ‘Gala’ at harvest; thus, they can be considered a good source of nutraceuticals as summer apple cultivars. However, extended cold storage deteriorates fruit behaviour and antioxidant capacity, particularly in ‘Lortiko’ fruit.     

Comparison of phenolic compound contents and antioxidant capacities of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) fruits

The characteristics, phenolic compound contants, and antioxidant capacities of 6 cultivars of loquat fruit grown in China were evaluated. HPLC was used to identify and quantify phenolics. Chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, protocatechuic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, and o-coumaric acid were the main phenolic compounds of mature loquat fruits. Contents of chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, and o-coumaric acid were all significantly correlated with antioxidant capacities determined using DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assays. The ‘Taxiahong’ cultivar contained the highest amounts of total phenolics and flavonoids and the highest antioxidant capacity, while ‘Taipingbai’ showed the lowest. The high level of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities of some cultivars indicates that these cultivars can be sources of bioactive compounds that are relevant to human health.     

Comparative study of primary and secondary metabolites in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars

BACKGROUND: Apricot is one of the most popular Prunus species grown in the temperate zone and great variation in the contents of primary and secondary metabolites has been reported in its fruit. However, little is known on the phenolic profiles and antioxidant potential of important local cultivars. The objective of the study was to identify valuable parental lines for breeding of cultivars with high health‐promoting effects. RESULTS: Primary metabolites (sugars, organic acids) and secondary metabolites (phenolics) were quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) in fruit of 13 apricot cultivars: total sugars ranged from 59.2 to 212.5 g kg^?1 fresh weight (FW) and total organic acids from 4.2 to 20.8 g kg^?1 FW. Four hydroxycinnamic acids and three flavonols were quantified; their content was significantly higher in skin compared to pulp. Similarly, antioxidative potential was significantly higher in skin and ranged from 125.4 to 726.5 mg ascorbic acid equivalents kg^?1 FW. A positive correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant potential was determined. Multivariate analysis subdivided the cultivars into five major groups, mostly influenced by the content of individual and total phenolics as well as the antioxidant potential of apricot skin and pulp. CONCLUSION: In regard to high phenolic content in connection with antioxidant potential, three cultivars stand out as the richest in analyzed quality parameters: ‘Mula Sadik’, ‘Bergeron’ and ‘Chuan Zhi Hong’. They also contained high amounts of primary metabolites and should be promoted for further planting and included in apricot breeding programs. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

果梅的化学成分及应用研究进展

果梅是蔷薇科杏属植物的一类,含有丰富的有机酸、糖类、氨基酸及人体所需的多种微量元素等营养成分以及黄酮类、花青素、酚酸等生物活性物质,具有抑菌、抗氧化、促消化等生理功能,有利于人体健康,具有很高的营养保健和药用价值。食用青梅具有抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、降血脂、调节生理代谢等生理作用,可作为抑菌剂、抗氧化剂、保鲜剂等天然添加剂应用到食品加工中,具有较大的研究意义和应用前景。本文对果梅特别是青梅的化学成分及其在食品工业中的应用进行了综述,为果梅的精深加工提供思路。     

Genotype and growing season influence blueberry antioxidant capacity and other quality attributes

Forty‐two blueberry cultivars (thirty‐six Vaccinium ashei, three V. ashei derivative hybrids and three northern highbush standards) were evaluated for their antioxidant capacities and other fruit quality attributes over two growing seasons. Total anthocyanins, phenolic content and antioxidant capacities varied substantially among species and cultivars. ‘Early May’ (V. ashei) had the highest amounts of anthocyanins, phenolics and antioxidant capacity. Cultivars from V. ashei hybrid derivatives had lower mean antioxidant components than those from northern highbush standards or V. ashei. The antioxidant capacity, as well as total anthocyanins and phenolics, had significant cultivar × year interactions. Correlation coefficient between years for total anthocyanins, total phenolics and oxygen radical absorbance capacity were high with values of 0.86, 0.81 and 0.93, respectively. Similar interactions were observed for soluble solids content (SSC), sugar, titratable acid and organic acids among cultivars both within and across the growing seasons. Correlation coefficients between years for SSC, fructose, glucose and sucrose were 0.78, 0.71, 0.83 and 0.96, respectively. Fructose and glucose were detected as two major sugars with sucrose as a minor constituent. ‘Clara’ contained the highest amounts of SSC and sugars, while ‘Satilla’ had the lowest. In general, V. ashei cultivars had a higher mean SSC and sugar contents than did the hybrid derivatives or the northern highbush standards. Cultivars of V. ashei contained higher malic acid than citric acid, whereas in hybrid derivatives and northern highbush cultivars, citric acid was the predominant organic acid. The diversity in the amount of these fruit quality attributes and antioxidant capacities presents a great opportunity for genetic improvement of blueberries through breeding programmes. The objective of the study was to identify blueberry cultivars with high antioxidant activity and good fruit quality, so they can be used as parents for future blueberry breeding programmes to develop new cultivars with higher antioxidant activity.     

Commercial quality, major bioactive compound content and antioxidant capacity of 12 cultivars of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) fruits

BACKGROUND: Modern consumers are increasingly interested in their personal health and expect the food they purchase to be tasty and attractive while being safe and healthful. The aim of this study was to determine the commercial quality, characterise the antioxidant capacity and quantify the major bioactive compounds of 12 cultivars of loquat fruits in order to establish a database for utilising these germplasm resources. RESULTS: Of the 12 cultivars, ‘Guanyu’ produced the biggest fruits, while ‘Tianzhong’ and ‘Bingtangzhong’ had the highest soluble solids content but the lowest titratable acidity. ‘Taipinghong’ was reddest in colour. Sucrose, fructose, glucose and sorbitol were the major sugars in loquat fruits, with the highest total sugar content being observed in ‘Bingtangzhong’ and ‘Tianzhong’. Phenolics and flavonoids were the main bioactive compounds and were abundant in ‘Tianzhong’ and ‘Zhaozhong’. ‘Taipinghong’ had the highest total carotenoid content, while ‘Qingzhong’ had the highest vitamin C content. ‘Tianzhong’, ‘Bingtangzhong’ and ‘Ninghaibai’ showed higher antioxidant activity than the other cultivars, as measured by assays of 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzthiozoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging and ferric‐reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP). CONCLUSION: Commercial fruit quality, major bioactive compound content and antioxidant capacity varied greatly among the 12 cultivars. ‘Bingtangzhong’ and ‘Tianzhong’ were the highest‐ranking cultivars based on their good commercial quality and high nutritional value. The loquat fruits with higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents also had clearly higher antioxidant capacities. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry