三轴离子束抛光系统驻留时间算法

在光学离子束抛光工艺中,驻留时间求解是一个关键问题。多数驻留时间求解算法要求离子束在工件表面的材料去除速率在加工过程中保持不变。然而,离子束在工件表面的材料去除速率与离子束入射角度有关。为此,在加工曲面工件时,通常采用精密五轴联动运动平台对离子源的运动及姿态进行实时控制,使得在加工曲面工件时离子束相对工件表面的入射角度始终保持不变,从而保证去除函数在整个离子束抛光过程中保持不变。提出了一种基于仿真加工的迭代驻留时间求解算法,在求解驻留时间的过程中考虑到入射角度带来的去除速率变化,从而使得在离子束抛光系统中只需采用三轴运动控制平台对离子源的运动进行控制,而不再需要对离子源的姿态进行实时控制。入射角度与去除速率曲线可以事先通过实验测得。与五轴运动平台相比,三轴平台更稳定、经济且易于控制。仿真结果表明,算法在三轴离子束抛光系统中具有较好的适用性。     

AT切型石英晶圆抛光工艺对材料去除速率及厚度非均匀性的影响

通过双面抛光工艺研究了抛光盘转速、抛光盘压力及抛光垫材质与厚度等对AT切型石英晶圆材料去除速率(MRR)与厚度非均匀性(TNU)的影响。实验结果表明,抛光盘压力越大、转速越高,材料去除速率越高;晶圆厚度非均匀性随抛光盘压力增加先减小后增加,随抛光盘转速增加而增加;杨氏模量越大、厚度越薄的抛光垫在晶圆表面产生的压力分布越均匀,有助于提高抛光均匀性。最后基于上述实验结果对抛光工艺参数进行了优化,优化后晶圆的材料去除速率为0.9μm/h、单片晶圆厚度非均匀性小于1.5‰、表面粗糙度为0.6 nm。该研究结果适用于石英晶圆的批量抛光工艺,对石英晶圆加工企业的抛光工艺优化有较高的参考价值。     

大口径导光板抛光及其功率谱密度分析

光学技术对于现代科学尤其是航天科学的发展起着越来越重要的作用。而具有高精度大口径光学元器件的跨尺度加工一直是现代光学技术的难点。超精密气囊抛光技术是基于计算机控制光学表面成形技术。其采用充气的柔性抛光气囊作为抛光工具,解决了传统数控抛光方法中抛光头不能很好地和工件吻合的缺点。以Preston方程为基础,研究了超精密气囊抛光的理论材料去除特性,建立了气囊抛光中进动运动方式下的材料去除模型,并针对气囊抛光工具的物理特性,按照Hertz接触理论对去除模型进行了修正。在理论分析的基础上完成了一块口径为570 mm的平面楔形工件的抛光,使得工件的面形精度P-V值达到了1/8 ,RMS值达到1/75 。并分析了该元件的功率谱密度（PSD）曲线,窄带噪声及其产生原因。     

精密数控抛光碳化硅表面去除特性研究

计算机数控精密机械抛光技术是制造高精度、高质量光学元件表面的主要技术之一。然而,对于碳化硅材料表面去除特性方面的研究却相对较少。在航天航空领域中,陶瓷类材料碳化硅的应用较为广泛。针对计算机数控精密机械抛光技术,根据一系列的抛光实验,研究并总结出碳化硅材料表面的去除机理。基于选择不同等级的四种变量参数:抛光磨头转速、抛光压力、磨头补偿量和抛光头角度,分析碳化硅材料表面的去除趋势。采用Taguchi方法可以有效优化实验设计参数、减少实验整体次数。结果表明:文中总结出对应的抛光参数组合和材料表面的去除特性,确保加工出高质量表面的碳化硅材料。     

基于椭圆运动方式的小工具抛光去除函数

为了改进传统的小工具抛光的去除函数的特性和提高去除效率,在行星和平转动抛光方式的基础上,通过三转子机构,实现了椭圆式运动方式;以Preston理论为基础,研究并推导了在这种运动方式下的材料去除函数;通过计算机模拟得到了去除函数的面形矩阵,经过优化后获得了最终的抛光参量,得到了与理想的高斯型函数吻合程度高的去除函数。结果表明,仿真加工后,其去除效率优于行星式去除函数。基于椭圆运动方式的小工具抛光避免了行星和平转动抛光方式去除函数存在的缺陷,有助于提高抛光过程的去除效率。     

大口径光学元件精密加工温差分析及控制方法

针对大口径光学元件精密加工时上下表面存在温差的问题,以环形抛光系统为例,对抛光盘和工件温度特性进行了研究。在1.6m环形抛光机上对工件温度进行了测定,结果表明即使在低速抛光情况下工件上下表面也会产生较大的温差。提出了合理搭配工艺参数和对工件非加工面绝热两种温差控制方法。通过采用控制变量法和对工件绝热抛光法进行测温实验验证了方案的可行性,为高精度面形加工奠定了基础。     

液体喷射抛光技术研究

液体喷射抛光(FJP)技术是近几年提出的一种新型光学抛光工艺,本文简介了这种抛光技术的原理,介绍了我们的研究结果,其中包括在抛光机理方面提出抛光液中磨料粒子的径向流动对工件产生的径向磨削剪切作用是材料去除的关键;建立了较完善的描述FJP过程的数学模型;提出了获得较理想工作函数的方法;得到了求解时间驻留函数的一种算法;另外还研究了不同FJP溶液及一些工艺参数对样品表面粗糙度的影响、被抛光材料特性对材料去除率及表面粗糙度的影响等.结合这些研究建立了一套非球面数控液体喷射抛光没备和相关工艺,并利用其对实际非球面做了数控抛光实验,最后得到其截面的误差优于0.15靘PV,表面粗糙度Ra达到2.25nm,实验结果表明此技术可用于非球面的数控抛光.     

红外光学用Ge双面抛光片抛光工艺条件研究

分析了不同抛光条件下,Ge双面抛光片的表面状况,通过抛光压力、抛光液中氧化荆的比例、抛光机转速和转速比等条件的改变,阐述了这些因素对抛光速率、抛光片正反面质量的影响,得到了相应的关系图表.根据实验结果,确定了Ge双面抛光工艺条件,采用该工艺条件对Ge片进行双面抛光,抛光片的几何参数指标和表面质量均能满足红外光学应用对抛光片的要求.     

基于田口方法的合金薄膜铜衬底超精密抛光工艺优化研究

为了获得性能优良的电化学沉积合金薄膜,需要精度非常高的合金薄膜铜衬底.以铜衬底表面粗糙度Ra和Rt为评价目标,探讨了基于田口方法的铜衬底抛光工艺参数优化设计方法.在给定工件材料和磨料(种类和粒度)的条件下,加工载荷、磨料浓度和加工速度是影响铜衬底抛光表面质量的主要工艺参数.运用田口方法进行了实验设计,并通过对实验结果的分析,得出了最佳的抛光工艺参数组合,采用该实验条件进行加工获得了非常光滑的铜衬底表面(Ra 6 nm,Rt 60 nm),表明田口方法能够有效的应用于铜衬底抛光工艺参数的优化设计和分析.     

超薄硅双面抛光片抛光工艺技术

MEMS器件、保护电路、空间太阳电池等的制作需要使用硅双面抛光片,并且要求抛光片的厚度很薄,传统的硅抛光片加工工艺已经不能满足这一要求.介绍了一种用于超薄硅单晶双面抛光片加工的抛光工艺方法.通过对硅片抛光机理[1],抛光方式、抛光工艺的研究和对抛光工艺试验结果的分析,解决了超薄硅单晶双面抛光片在加工过程中碎片率高、抛光...     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.