CITRUS PRODUCT COLOR ENHANCEMENT USING EXTRACTS OF PEEL OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES

SUMMARY— Colored fractions ware extracted and concentrated from peel of most commercial orange varieties and used to enhance the color of orange juice products. These included Pineapple, Hamlin, Parson Brown, Valencia, blood orange and Dancy tangerine. The relative yields of crude pigment per kg of peel were compared between he different varieties. The color extracts were analyzed for tristimulus yellowness (Y) and redness (RI factors. Crude pigment yields ranged from .34 g (Hamlin) to 1.29 g (Dancy tangerine) per kg of peel. R factors were highest for Dancy tangerine, followed by Pineapple orange and Valencia, and lowest for Hamlin. Y factors were highest for Dancy tangerine, followed by Valencia and Pineapple and lowest for Hamlin. Most color extracts were effective at a dilution of 113500 parts in improving the color of orange juice products.     

Volatile aroma components and antioxidant activities of the flavedo peel extract of unripe Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata)

The flavedo peel extracts of unripe Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) fruits were extracted using steam distillation (SD) or a cold-press (CP) system. Volatile aroma content and composition were determined using gas chromatography (GC) and each compound was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The major constituents of the extracts were monoterpene hydrocarbons (91.75-93.75%[709.32-809.05 mg/100 g of fresh flavedo peel]) including limonene (43.08-45.13%[341.46-379.81 mg/100 g of fresh flavedo peel]), γ-terpinene (27.88-29.06%[219.90-245.86 mg/100 g of fresh flavedo peel]), and p-cymene (8.13-11.02%[61.47-97.22 mg/100 g of fresh flavedo peel]). The extraction process used was determined to be a decisive factor that affects the composition of key citrus aroma components, as well as the antioxidant activities of the Shiikuwasha fruit. Antioxidant capabilities of the extracts were examined by assay of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity and β-carotene bleaching inhibition. The cold-press extraction system may better retain the total phenolic content of the flavedo peel and display superior antioxidant activities, compared to the steam distillation extraction method. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) is a type of small citrus fruit, and has been used as raw material for beverage and food additive productions in Japan. It had a unique aroma composition in which the limonene content of its peels is lower than that of other commonly known citrus peels. The present study detailed the volatile aroma composition, as well as antioxidant capabilities of Shiikuwasha peel extracts of different extraction methods, that are cold-press and steam distillation methods. The results of this study may provide a basis for selection of Shiikuwasha peel extracts in food industry for citrus flavor production.     

超微粉碎制备蜜柑果皮全粉研究

以蜜柑果皮为原料,以不同干燥方式干燥果皮,运用超微粉碎方法制成粉体,通过测定粉体的粒度分布情况、持水力、持油力及色度值等指标,对常压干燥、真空干燥及冷冻干燥等不同干燥方式进行比较,得出常压干燥方式最佳。并利用响应曲面法研究果皮超微粉碎工艺,以粗粉粒径、转速及粉碎次数为自变量,比表面积为响应值,研究各自变量及其交互作用对果皮超微粉碎效果的影响,确定最佳超微粉碎工艺为：粗粉粒径60～80目、转速16000r/min、粉碎次数3次,此工艺条件下,得到的比表面积为0.246m2/g。     

利用脐橙皮研制九制陈皮的工艺探究

以脐橙加工的副产物-橙皮为原料,研究九制陈皮的制作工艺.通过单因素试验研究各因素对九制陈皮品质的影响,正交优化确定了制作九制陈皮的最佳工艺:陈皮25g,白砂糖50g,柠檬酸3g,食盐5g,冷水浸泡1 d.制作的九制陈皮颜色金黄,条状均匀并富有弹性,风味酸甜适中,回味浓香.     

超声波协同复合酶法提取橘皮多糖的工艺优化

采用超声波协同复合酶法从橘皮中提取多糖,通过单因素试验考察复合酶用量、复合酶质量比、酶解温度、酶解时间、料液比、超声温度以及超声时间对多糖产率的影响,并在此基础上,采用响应面法进一步优化提取工艺,结果表明,橘皮多糖提取的最佳工艺条件为:酶解温度52℃,酶解时间64 min,料液比为1∶32(g/mL),超声时间21 min,此条件下的橘皮多糖产率为33.02%。     

采后橘油诱导及振动胁迫对贮藏期锦橙果皮油胞病的影响

以果皮塌陷指数和变色指数为测定指标,研究橘油及振动胁迫处理对锦橙果皮油胞病的影响。结果表明：随橘油体积分数增大果皮油胞病逐渐加重,并以100%橘油处理对锦橙果皮油胞病的诱导效果最明显;锦橙果皮油胞病发病程度随着振动胁迫强度增大而加重,其中500r/min的诱导效果最显著。另外,在橘油和振动胁迫处理后的果实在不同温度下贮藏时,发现20℃贮藏的锦橙果皮油胞病最为严重,0℃冷害温度也能加剧果实油胞病的发生,5℃贮藏的锦橙果皮油胞病最轻微。研究结果为进一步研究柑橘油胞病的发生机理及防控措施提供理论依据。     

不同干燥温度下橘皮的干燥特性及香味变化

为研究不同干燥温度下橘皮的干燥特性及挥发性香味成分变化情况.以橘皮为原料,分析了不同干燥温度下橘皮含水量变化及干燥速率的变化规律,确定了最优的橘皮干燥动力学模型,并考察了干燥温度对橘皮挥发性香味成分的影响.结果表明:橘皮干燥过程主要发生降速干燥,干燥温度越高,干燥所用时间越短,Page模型可较优地描述橘皮的干燥过程;橘...     

微波辅助提取桔皮果胶的优化条件研究

以橘皮为原料,用微波辅助法提取果胶,通过正交试验,得到优化工艺：以盐酸作为萃取剂,pH值为1.5,液料比为10:1(ml/g),微波加热时间为6min,微波处理方式为27%×800W。     

Enhancement of Water Transport and Microstructural Changes Induced by High-Intensity Ultrasound Application on Orange Peel Drying

The main aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of high-intensity ultrasound (US) on the drying kinetics of orange peel as well as its influence on the microstructural changes induced during drying. Convective drying kinetics of orange peel slabs were carried out at a relative humidity of 26.5 ± 0.9%, 40 °C and 1 m/s with (AIR+US) and without (AIR) ultrasound application. In order to identify the US effect on water transport, drying kinetics were analyzed by taking the diffusion theory into account. Fresh, AIR and AIR+US dried samples were analyzed using Cryo-Scanning Electron Microscopy. Results showed that the drying kinetics of orange peel were significantly improved by US application, which involved a significant (p < 0.05) improvement of mass transfer coefficient and effective moisture diffusivity. The effects on mass transfer properties were confirmed with microstructural observations. In the cuticle surface of flavedo, the pores were obstructed by the spread of the waxy components, this fact evidencing US effects on the air–solid interfaces. Furthermore, the cells of the albedo were disrupted by US, as it created large intercellular air spaces facilitating water transfer through the tissue.     

Utilisation of orange by-products—orange peel carotenoids

Carotenoids were extracted from fresh orange peel with various solvents. Acetone was the most efficient of the solvents tested. Two successive extractions with acetone after an initial washing with either acetone or methanol were adequate to remove 89% of the total carotenoids. The extracts were concentrated, the carotenoids transferred to hexane and a crude pigment concentrate was obtained by hexane evaporation. Water washings prior to acetone extraction eliminated the solvent-solvent transfer to hexane. The extraction residue was used for pectin recovery. Carotenoid removal from the peel did not affect the yield and quality of the pectin.     

响应面法在豆纤维橙味曲奇饼干研制中的应用

本文以面粉、豆纤维粉、橙皮糖为主要原料,通过单因素实验,研究豆纤维粉添加量、橙皮糖添加量、糖油质量比(黄油与糖粉的比值)对豆纤维橙味曲奇饼干的感官评分和硬度的影响。按Box-Behnken法设计试验方案,运用响应面分析法建立多元二次非线性回归方程,以感官评分为指标,优化豆纤维橙味曲奇饼干配方,确定豆纤维粉添加量、橙皮糖添加量、糖油质量比。结果表明,豆纤维橙味曲奇饼干的最佳添加量为:豆纤维粉添加量为26%(以面粉与豆纤维粉的总量为基准)、橙皮糖添加量为16%、糖油质量比为2:1。在此条件下的曲奇饼干色泽均匀,硬度、甜度适中,并具有橙皮特有的清香以及豆纤维食品的独特口感,其感官评分为(87.3±1.1)分,与预测值87.7分接近,偏差为0.4%,说明该模型下确定的产品配方对实际生产具有较好的指导和应用价值。     

臭氧对橙皮果脯品质及抗氧化活性的作用

本研究探讨了不同浓度臭氧水前处理对橙皮果脯营养价值和抗氧化能力的影响。经低、中和高三个浓度的臭氧水清洗处理15 min后,新鲜橙皮被制备成橙皮果脯。以未处理组与臭氧水处理组做对比,测定了橙皮果脯的还原性Vc、黄酮、总色差与抗氧化值。结果显示：还原性Vc、黄酮、总色差以及还原力、DPPH?清除率、?OH清除率、O2-?清除率和ABTS+?清除率从高到低均依次为：中浓度（9.10 mg/L）处理组>低浓度（13.78 mg/L）处理组>高浓度（22.23 mg/L）处理组>未处理组。中浓度臭氧水处理组橙皮果脯与未处理组的对比,Vc含量从1.25 mg/g提升到1.40 mg/g,黄酮含量从0.57 mg RE/g提升到0.68 mg RE/g,总色差从34.88下降到28.80。臭氧水处理对橙皮果脯的营养价值和颜色都有显著的保护作用（p<0.05）,对其抗氧化活性也有显著的提高（p<0.05）。其中,橙皮果脯的抗氧化能力与加工过程中橙皮里Vc和黄酮含量变化存在着极显著的正相关。可见,短期的臭氧水处理对橙皮果脯的品质及抗氧化活性均有良好的作用。     

Utilisation of orange peel in the production of α-terpineol by Penicillium digitatum (NRRL 1202)

The use of orange peel oil in the biotransformation of d-limonene was investigated. The physicochemical properties of cold-pressed orange peel oil, used in this investigation were determined to define its identity. The chemical composition of orange peel oil was determined by using GC/MS. Monoterpene compounds amounted to 98.0%, followed by aldehdyde components 1.09%. The main component of orange peel oil was d-limonene, which represented 96.1%, of the total content. A strain of Penicillium digitatum NRRL 1202 was used to carry out the biotransformation of d-limonene to α-terpineol. Two different media, malt yeast broth (MYB) and malt extract broth (MEB) were used. It was found that the highest bioconversion of d-limonene into α-terpineol was obtained by using MYB medium (pH 6.1).     

水蒸汽蒸馏法提取柑桔类果皮香精油的工艺研究

本文研究了利用水蒸汽蒸馏法从沙田柚皮、芦柑皮、柠檬皮中提取香精油的工艺.考察了各种因素对得油率的影响.结果表明:沙田柚皮、芦柑皮、柠檬皮的最佳提取时间是90 min;适当破碎果皮可以提高得油率,但破碎度过大反而使得油率降低;烘干的沙田柚皮、芦柑皮、柠檬皮的得油率分别比新鲜的提高了55.2 %、19.5 %、77.5 %,但香精油的质量比新鲜的差;添加助剂氯化钠、硫酸钠、碳酸钙能提高沙田柚皮和柠檬皮的得油率,但不能提高芦柑皮的得油率.     

赣州脐橙皮果胶的提取工艺优化及其改性前后理化性质和生物活性的研究

为实现赣州脐橙皮的资源化利用,以超声微波协同萃取法提取赣州脐橙皮果胶（GOP）。采用Box-Behnken试验对工艺参数进行优化,并对获得的果胶进行pH改性,研究改性前后果胶理化性质的变化,进一步研究其体外抗氧化活性,以及对玉米淀粉糊化和体外消化的影响。结果表明,果胶提取的最优工艺条件为:微波功率550 W,微波时间30 min,pH2.4,液料比25.00 mL?g-1,在此条件下,最终GOP得率为18.25%±0.31%。经过改性,其果胶酯化度由74.10%±2.73%下降到33.27%±2.47%、半乳糖醛酸含量由74.65%±1.11%显著（P<0.05）增加至88.19%±2.98%。两种果胶均表现了较良好的抗氧化活性,改性后,果胶的抗氧化能力增强,其浓度为8 mg/mL时,对DPPH、ABTS自由基的清除率分别达到84.35%±0.28%和87.33%±0.43%。果胶的加入显著（P<0.05）提高慢消化淀粉（SDS）和抗性淀粉（RS）的含量,并增加淀粉糊状物中小颗粒的比例,抑制淀粉颗粒的溶胀,从而抑制了淀粉消化。pH改性果胶对淀粉消化的抑制作用优于未改性果胶。本研究为赣州脐橙皮果胶的开发和利用提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

Carbohydrate Fiber from Orange Albedo

A process was developed for manufacturing dried orange albedo from fresh peel. Fresh albedo (nonpigmented portion) was recovered by shaving the flavedo (pigmented portion) from quartered peel after a commercial reamer juice extraction process. The albedo was then ground to reduce particle size, leached with water, treated with lime, pressed, and dried. Yield of dried (0% H₂O) albedo was 3.3 kg/100 kg ‘Valencia’ oranges. Wastewater analyses of liquids discharged from the leaching process indicated average values of 14,400 mg COD and 9,850 mg BOD based on producing 1 kg of dry albedo. Several albedo carbohydrate fiber components were estimated by determining the monomers soluble in boiling water, 5% H₂SO₄ and 72% H₂SO₄. These were as follows (g component/ l00g dry albedo): water-soluble fraction-hexose (11.2) and uronic acid (1.5), hemicellulose fraction-pentose (11.9), pectin fraction-uronic acid (12.9), and cellulose fraction-hexose (10.8) and uronic acid (3.6), respectively. Lignin (6.7) was estimated by ashing the residue remaining after the 72% H₂SO₄ extraction.     

超声波辅助提取甜橙果皮类胡萝卜素研究

为综合开发柑橘果皮,以甜橙果皮为原料,利用超声波技术提取类胡萝卜素。应用Box-Behnken 正交试验设计,并采用高效液相色谱法分析其对类胡萝卜素组成的影响。结果表明：果皮干燥方式为冻干,粒径100～120 目、料液比1:50(g/mL)、超声功率270W、超声时间7～10min、超声温度30～50℃、提取次数4～5 次,经优化,类胡萝卜素含量范围为0.130～0.150mg/g,含量极值预测值为0.156mg/g,验证值为0.152mg/g。高效液相色谱分析表明在本实验条件下超声提取对类胡萝卜素主要成分没有明显影响。     

机械损伤对脐橙果皮组织结构的影响

由于机械损伤可以引起果皮油胞的破损和后续的油胞病症状,其被认为是脐橙果皮油胞病发生的主要原因;然而机械损伤也能促进其他果皮生理病害的发生。受机械损伤后,果皮的生理病害症状更加复杂,不能简单地归结于油胞病的发生。为了更好地阐明机械损伤后果皮生理病害的发生和发病进程,利用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察了机械损伤后‘奉节’脐橙果皮生理病害发生进程中的超微结构变化,同时测定果皮果胶、纤维素、木质素等结构物质含量和脂氧合酶活力、超氧阴离子自由基产生速率的变化。结果表明：机械损伤后,脐橙果皮细胞膜完整性受到破坏,黄皮层油胞细胞出现明显降解,进而导致油胞的破裂、橘油的释放以及白皮层和黄皮层的降解。机械损伤处理后,果实果皮脂氧合酶活力和超氧阴离子自由基产生速率在贮藏前期快速增加,果皮原果胶含量急剧下降,贮藏7～11 d,机械损伤果实果皮可溶性果胶含量显著高于对照组果皮（P＜0.05）。本实验结果可为脐橙果皮受到机械损伤后超微观结构变化的原因提供参考。     

不同柑橘品种全果制汁适宜性分析

为了研究不同品种柑橘全果制汁的品质特性,对全国7 个地区30 个不同品种柑橘（包括蜜橘、椪柑、冰糖橙、脐橙等）的理化、营养、加工等18 项指标进行测定,并采用主成分分析法筛选出适宜全果制汁的品种。结果表明：不同品种的柑橘全果中籽数和总黄酮、柠檬苦素、诺米林含量差异较大,而出汁率、色度等指标差异较小。经主成分分析提取出6 个特征值大于1的因子,前6 个主成分分别对应柑橘全果苦味因子、加工因子、颜色因子、营养因子、酸度因子和甜度因子,其累积方差贡献率为82.566%。从6 个因子综合考虑,发现‘纽荷尔脐橙-II’、‘福本脐橙-I’、‘福本脐橙-II’、‘冰糖甜橙’、‘道州脐橙’、‘崀丰7904脐橙’为较适宜全果制汁的品种。本研究结果为选择适用于全果制汁的柑橘品种提供了参考依据。     

树脂法提取柑橘皮中水溶性黄酮工艺研究

为优化柑橘皮中水溶性黄酮类化合物的提取工艺，本文考察了几种树脂对水溶性黄酮的吸附性能。并以95％乙醇为洗脱剂进行了洗脱实验。结果表明：AB-8树脂对水溶性黄酮有很好的吸附性能，最大吸附量为30．2mg／g(水溶性黄酮／湿树脂)；95％乙醇洗脱速度快，洗脱彻底，洗脱剂用量为2倍柱床体积(BV)。用该法提取的产品具有良好的水溶性，最大吸收波长为280n，并且利用高效液相色谱对获得的提取物进行了分离测定。