我国春季冷锋后的高架雷暴特征分析

利用常规气象观测资料和国家气象中心对流天气综合监测等资料,对2010-2012年我国春季冷锋后的高架雷暴的时空分布特征和强对流天气特点等进行统计分析,并通过一次典型个例给出影响高架雷暴的主要天气系统,再结合雷暴物理条件的统计特征探讨高架雷暴发生发展的物理机制。研究结果表明,此类高架雷暴主要发生在我国南方地区,具有一定的日变化,常伴冰雹和短时强降水天气。影响高架雷暴的主要天气系统为高低空急流、低层切变线以及500 hPa西风槽等。预报着眼点主要为850和700 hPa大气相对湿度在70%以上;700与500 hPa的温差达16℃以上,有一定的热力不稳定;700 hPa上建立一支低空西南急流,配合500 hPa西风槽以及低层的切变线,这些因素为雷暴触发及发展提供条件。     

2012年初春华南“高架雷暴”天气过程成因分析

利用华南地区多普勒天气雷达资料、气象站监测资料以及NCEP客观分析资料,分析了2012年2月27日华南地区发生的一次罕见高架对流天气过程特点.结果表明,在低层强大冷气团控制下,地面冷锋后华南地区出现的伴有短时强降水、雷电和冰雹的强对流天气过程是一次较典型的冷区“高架雷暴”,近地面大气层结较稳定,低空存在逆温,强对流天气落区与850 hPa切变线位置有较好对应.中高层的西风槽东南移和高空急流南压,配合低层850 hPa南岭山脉南侧偏南急流显著加强,为高架对流发生发展提供了有利的大气环流背景.边界层冷空气补充南下迫使低层暖湿空气抬升,中高层槽前辐散气流产生高空“抽吸”作用,配合华南上空有利的大气动力和热力不稳定条件,形成了此次罕见的高架强对流.与一般地面发展雷暴不同,此次“高架雷暴”暖湿空气是从逆温以上的850 hPa附近开始对流抬升,而不是从边界层开始.     

甘肃中部一次冷锋后高架雷暴天气过程综合诊断

利用常规气象观测资料、ECMWF再分析资料和多普勒天气雷达资料等,从环流特征、天气系统配置以及动力、热力条件等方面,对2017年10月8-9日甘肃中部地区的一次冷锋后高架雷暴天气过程进行综合诊断分析。结果表明:冷锋、700 hPa切变线、西南急流以及500 hPa高空槽是本次高架雷暴天气发生发展的主要天气系统。北方南下的冷空气在近地面形成冷垫,暖湿气流沿锋区倾斜爬升,在逆温层顶触发了高架雷暴天气。本次过程逆温层深厚,逆温层及其附近垂直方向上存在3个0℃层。受过程前降水和西南暖湿气流影响,大气层结呈"上干、下湿"结构,且具有"上下冷、中间暖"的特征。对流层中低层垂直风切变、低层辐合与高层辐散,是促使暖湿空气抬升的重要动力,而中低层高能舌和最大对流有效位能值能够较好地反映过程中的不稳定能量。高架雷暴过程中,兰州及附近地区出现降雨(雪)及冰雹天气,并伴有大范围东北-西南向雷电;雷达强回波高度达8 km以上,具有典型的冰雹回波特征。     

2012年早春广西高架雷暴冰雹天气过程分析

利用常规观测资料和雷达资料,对2012年早春广西高架强雷暴冰雹天气过程进行分析,得出以下结论:(1)冰雹伴随雷暴发生在地面锋后约1000 km,边界层为冷高压控制.850 hPa风速较小,700 hPa以上层有强急流,700～850 hPa有强的垂直风切变,500 hPa高空冷槽东移为对流的发生提供触发条件.(2)冰雹发生在850 hPa切变线南北两侧约200 km范围,等压面锋区强度大;高空槽前正负变温使700～500 hPa垂直方向温度差大,导致层结对流不稳定性加大.当500 hPa低槽移至强锋区上空时,锋面坡度变陡,上升运动加强,不稳定性增大,使得冰胚在对流层中层增长而形成冰雹.(3)风暴追踪信息显示风暴生成高度高,在垂直方向上倾斜增长;质心均在5～6 km,风暴生成后,随着时间的推移逐渐向低层发展,最大反射率以及液态含水量均不大,具有明显高架雷暴特征.     

郑州地区一次冷锋后高架雷暴天气过程特征及成因分析

利用常规气象观测资料和美国国家环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP)逐6 h再分析资料对2015年早春郑州地区一次高架雷暴天气过程的特征进行分析,探讨此次雷暴天气过程的成因。结果表明:地面冷垫、850 hPa和700 hPa强盛的暖湿急流及500 hPa高空槽为此次郑州地区高架雷暴天气过程的产生提供了有利的动力、热力和水汽条件,850—700 hPa之间的强垂直风切变和700—500 hPa之间较大的温差均表明逆温层以上对流不稳定度增大,有利于高架雷暴天气的产生。低空强比湿平流和负水汽通量散度为高架雷暴天气提供了丰富的水汽条件。高架雷暴天气过程发生前,700 hPa与500 hPa的θ_(se)差值Δθ_(se)大于0℃,表明700 hPa以上大气为对流不稳定,低层湿位涡的第一分量(MPV1)为负值又表明大气为湿对称不稳定,强雷暴落在对流不稳定区和MPV1负值区,因而此次高架雷暴天气过程是由对流不稳定和湿对称不稳定共同作用产生的。地面冷垫以上的暖湿气团逐步加强,进一步加剧了逆温层以上大气的层结不稳定度。通过与历史个例对比分析可知,郑州地区两次高架雷暴天气过程共同之处为:500 hPa高空槽前辐散气流的抽吸作用、低空切变线和低空急流左侧的辐合上升运动、地面冷垫的抬升作用均为高架雷暴天气预报的着眼点。     

2012年早春河南一次高架雷暴天气成因分析

利用常规观测、新一代天气雷达、雷电定位监测和1°×1°NCEP分析资料对2012年早春河南一次伴有多种天气现象的高架雷暴(elevated convection)成因进行了天气学分析,建立了高架雷暴天气的流型配置模型。结果表明:(1)本次高架雷暴发生在中纬度暖性低槽发展东移的环流形势下,边界层顶以上近中性条件不稳定性层结(偏向于很弱的条件不稳定)在高空槽前正涡度平流和低层暖湿平流的强迫作用下,使得700 hPa以上出现较大范围的较强上升运动,地面冷高压后部偏东气流对高架对流的产生具有冷垫作用。(2)出现高架雷暴的大气低层存在较强的逆温层,700 hPa暖温度脊前的西南暖湿低空急流为高架雷暴的产生提供了充足的水汽和能量,并使低层逆温层顶以上出现弱条件不稳定层结和较高的露点,两者结合导致弱的最不稳定对流有效位能MUCAPE,其值在10~50 J·kg~(-1)之间,高架对流是由逆温层顶附近及其以上的暖湿气块被抬升而造成的,对应1.0~3.0 m·s~(-1)的雷暴内最大上升气流。(3)此次高架雷暴发生在强斜压环境中,有较强的动力不稳定,中低层0~6 km和0~3 km垂直风切变值分别为(3.0~3.7)×10~(-3)和(5.0~5.3)×10~(-3)s~(-1)。(4)本次过程-10℃、-20℃层高度分别在5、6.5 km,弱对流云顶高度多在6~8 km或以上,超过了冻结层高度,易导致雷电发生。(5)从流型配置模型看,高空暖性低槽、中高层强烈发展的温度脊、700 hPa强西南暖湿低空急流和边界层冷中心、冷温度槽、地面冷高压等是值得关注的影响系统,当这些天气系统有利配置时,应注意低层逆温层、中层弱条件不稳定层结的建立以及高架雷暴发生的可能性。     

2012年初春粤北一次少见高架雷暴过程的分析

利用常规观测资料、地面中尺度自动气象站资料以及NCEP再分析资料,分析了2012年2月27日广东发生的一次罕见高架雷暴天气过程的特点及成因。结果表明,这次出现在低层冷高压控制下地面冷锋后部并伴有短时强降水、雷电和冰雹的强对流天气过程,是一次典型的"高架雷暴"过程。与从地面发展的普通雷暴不同的是,强对流天气发生时,近地面层大气层结稳定,低空有逆温层存在,暖湿空气是从逆温层以上开始抬升的,强对流天气落区与850 hPa切变线有较好的对应关系。中高层西风槽东移南压,850 hPa偏南急流的建立和显著增强,为此次高架雷暴过程提供了有利的环流背景。近地面层冷空气补充南下迫使低层暖湿空气抬升,配合高空槽前辐散气流的抽吸作用以及广东上空有利的大气动力、热力不稳定条件,是此次高架雷暴过程形成的原因。     

江苏近10 a高架雷暴特征分析

对2007—2016年发生在江苏地区的冬半年雷暴进行特征分析,筛选出12次典型的高架雷暴天气过程,揭示江苏发生高架雷暴的时空分布特征和典型的环流形势,发现逆温层顶之上的不稳定浅层和上下层强垂直风切变分别为高架雷暴的发生提供弱热力不稳定和强动力不稳定条件。强垂直风切变、850 hPa附近强烈的锋生导致的锋面次级环流,高空槽前正涡度平流随高度增加以及高层辐散、低层辐合造成的抽吸作用,为高架雷暴的发生和维持提供逆温层之上的动力抬升条件。高架雷暴发生时高仰角反射率因子呈现出类似零度层亮带的环形特征,对流单体不断生成在圆环附近。初步归纳了江苏高架雷暴的预报着眼点:500 hPa先后高空槽东移,700 hPa有16 m·s~(-1)以上的西南急流,850 hPa切变线东伸,存在逆温层顶高于1. 5 km,逆温强度大于5℃的较强逆温,0～6 km垂直风切变超过18 m·s~(-1),700 hPa与500 hPa温度差在15℃以上以及700hPa的相对湿度高于80%,且比湿在5～6 g·kg~(-1)。     

一次暴雪过程的高架雷暴环境条件及雷达特征

2021年2月24—25日河南出现一次伴高架雷暴的暴雪天气过程,各级气象台站业务预报对该过程中雷暴均漏报,对降雪量级预报也偏小。利用常规气象观测资料、双偏振雷达产品和NCEP 1°×1°逐6 h再分析资料,重点分析了这次暴雪过程中高架雷暴的环境条件及双偏振雷达参量特征。结果表明:(1)东移加深的中纬度高空槽、700 hP a发展北上的西南急流与地面扩散南下的冷空气等天气尺度系统相互作用触发对流,造成暴雪过程出现高架雷暴。(2)该过程最强水汽输送位于700 h Pa,水汽通量大值带位于河南沿黄(河)一带,河南上空水汽充足,为中层不稳定层结建立和对流触发提供了有利的热力条件。(3)低槽前部两个次级环流圈上升支叠加为雷暴发生和降雪增强维持提供了强的上升运动;0—6 km较强垂直风切变有利于对称不稳定发展;700 hPa西南风急流辐合作用配合高空槽大尺度强迫使得中高层不稳定能量释放,从而触发对流。(4)高架雷暴发生时,雷达回波强度≥45 dBz、顶高超过-20℃层,“牛眼”结构和辐合上升区长时间维持有利于产生雷暴;雷达双偏振参量相关系数(CC)较小(0.7～0.9)、差分相移率(K_D...     

高空冷涡和副高背景下青海冰雹特征对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料、FY-2G云图TBB资料、NCEP1°×1°再分析资料、新一代天气雷达等资料,诊断分析2015年青海东北部3次冰雹天气环境条件和中尺度系统的演变。结果表明:(1)冷涡背景下冷平流强迫及高空副热带西风急流右侧抽吸作用为冰雹发生提供位势不稳定,副高背景下700 hPa热低压提供热力不稳定触发对流。(2)冷涡背景下动力强迫为主,副高背景下热力强迫为主产生冰雹,较大冰雹尺寸需要更高的水汽条件和热力条件,且高的强天气威胁指数与较大尺寸冰雹有较好的对应关系。(3)3次冰雹过程的影响系统均为中尺度对流系统,在较明显的径向辐合处发展起来,"7·30"具有较大回波强度,较高回波顶高,较强对流系统入流,较高的0℃层高度和-20℃层高度,最小的△H_(0--20℃)。强回波伸展高度越高、VIL密度越大(4g·m~(-3))、上升气流强盛的对流天气,愈易出现大冰雹。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on