乳腺癌术后胸壁复发23例临床及病理分析

回顾分析乳腺癌术后胸壁复发的临床及病理因素。乳腺癌术后胸壁局部复发 2 3例 ,占同期全部乳腺癌手术病例的 3 86 % ,病理学类型多为浸润性导管癌 ,Ⅲ期患者复发率为 13 9% ,腋窝淋巴结转移数超过 4枚者多发率最高为12 5 % ,原发灶ER ( -)及PR ( -)的患者复发多发生于术后第 1、2年内 ,复发后 12例 2年内死亡。所有病例随访 1、3、5年生存率分别为 72 2 %、6 6 7%、5 4 5 %。回顾分析结果表明 ,乳腺癌患者术中应采取措施预防癌残留及种植 ,术后易复发的高危人群应行规范化的治疗 ,同时应实施胸壁放疗 ,可望提高生存期     

73例乳腺癌术后胸壁复发因素及预后分析

目的:探讨乳腺癌术后胸壁局部复发因素及预后意义.方法:对73例乳腺癌术后胸壁复发患者进行回顾性分析.结果:本组患者占同期全部乳腺癌病例的4.02%,其中50例(68.5%)胸壁复发发生在术后2年内,复发后34例(46.6%)于2年内死亡.结论:乳腺癌原发肿瘤分期晚、腋下淋巴结癌转移数多、复发率高;原发灶雌激素受体(ER)及孕激素受体(PR)阴性患者,复发多出现在术后2年内.术后胸壁复发时,复发病灶情况及治疗效果是影响预后的因素之一,以手术为主的综合治疗可提高其远期疗效.     

73例乳腺癌术后胸壁复发因素及预后分析

目的：探讨乳腺癌术后胸壁局部复发因素及预后意义。方法：对73例乳腺癌术后胸壁复发患者进行回顾性分析。结果：本组患者占同期全部乳腺癌病例的4．02％，其中50例(68．5％)胸壁复发发生在术后2年内，复发后34例(46．6％)于2年内死亡。结论：乳腺癌原发肿瘤分期晚、腋下淋巴结癌转移数多、复发率高；原发灶雌激素受体(ER)及孕激素受体(PR)阴性患者．复发多出现在术后2年内。术后胸壁复发时，复发病灶情况及治疗效果是影响预后的因素之一，以手术为主的综合治疗可提高其远期疗效。     

乳腺癌术后胸壁复发23例临床及病理分析

回顾分析乳腺癌术后胸壁复发的临床及病理因素。乳腺癌术后胸壁局部复发23例，占同期全部乳腺癌手术病例的3．86％，病理学类型多为浸润性导管癌，Ⅲ期患者复发率为13．9％，腋窝淋巴结转移数超过4枚者多发率最高为12．5％，原发灶ER（－）及PR（－）的患者复发多发生于术后第1、2年内，复发后12例2年内死亡。所有病例随访1、3、5年生存率分别为72．2％、66．7％、54．5％。回顾分析结果表明，乳腺癌患者术中应采取措施预防癌残留及种植，术后易复发的高危人群应行规范化的治疗，同时应实施胸壁放疗，可望提高生存期。     

乳腺癌改良根治术后胸壁复发27例分析

目的探讨乳腺癌改良根治术后胸壁复发因素。方法回顾性分析乳腺癌改良根治术后胸壁复发患者27例的临床病理资料。结果乳腺癌术后胸壁复发多发生在术后2年内（19／27，70．4％），多表现为原发灶雌激素受体及孕激素受体阴性，C-erbB-2阳性。结论乳腺癌应规范化治疗，尤应强调无瘤操作。     

乳腺癌术后胸壁复发39例临床分析

背景与目的：乳腺痛术后局部复发率为5％-20％，合并高危因素者可达34％-40％，其中以胸壁复发最为常见。本文探讨乳腺癌术后胸壁局部复发的相关因素，寻找预防和降低乳腺癌术后胸壁复发的有效措施。方法：回顾性分析乳腺癌术后局部复发而无远处转移的39例患者的临床资料。结果：本组患者占同期全部乳腺癌病例的5．1％，其中23例（59．0％）在手术后2年内复发。T1～T4复发率分别为1．6％、1．9％、9．7％和37．2％，腋窝淋巴结（-）与腋窝淋巴结（＋）患者的胸壁复发率分别为1．3％、7．6％，腋窝淋巴结转移≥4个者复发率高达13．4％，新辅助化疗、术后放疗的患者复发率分别为3．8％、8．7％。明显低于未予相应治疗者。结论：腋窝淋巴结转移数目多、原发灶分期晚、未予恰当辅助治疗者易出现胸壁复发。对乳腺癌术后易复发的高危人群应规范化治疗，新辅助化疗、术后放疗是预防胸壁复发的有效措施。     

乳腺癌首次治疗后复发的再治疗分析（附71例报告）

目的 :探讨乳腺癌首次治疗后复发转移患者再治疗后的生存及预后情况。方法 :回顾性分析局部复发的乳腺癌患者采用放疗或化疗结合放疗 ,远处转移乳腺癌患者采用转移灶局部放疗和全身化疗的效果。结果 :(1)首次治疗后复发及转移未再治疗 2 0例 1年内死亡 ,胸壁或 和淋巴结复发治疗后 1年、3年、5年生存率分别为72 73% (2 4 33)、4 8 38% (15 31)、18 5 2 % (5 2 7) ,远处转移患者经治疗后 1年、3年、5年生存率分别为 6 1 11%(11 18)、16 6 7% (3 18)、6 6 7% (1 15 ) ;(2 )再治疗后局部复发组死于复发 8例 ;远处转移组 4例死于转移灶未控 ,13例死于多部位癌转移。结论 :采用综合治疗为主方案 ,可提高复发和转移的乳腺癌患者的生存质量     

乳腺癌根治术局部复发后影响预后的相关因素分析

目的研究乳腺癌根治术局部复发后影响预后的相关因素,探讨乳腺癌根治术后局部复发的最佳治疗方案。方法回顾性分析天津肿瘤医院1975年1月至2003年1月期间收治的1067例乳腺癌根治术后复发患者,采用χ2检验或秩和检验对患者年龄、绝经情况、原发瘤临床分期、腋窝淋巴结转移情况、无病间期、复发部位、胸壁复发灶数目及其最大直径、雌激素受体(ER)或孕激素受体(PR)表达、人类表皮生长因子受体2(HER-2)表达等临床病理特征以及不同治疗方案与局部复发治疗的近期疗效和远处转移率之间的关系进行单因素分析;使用Kaplan-Meier法及COX回归模型对乳腺癌根治术复发后影响5年生存率的相关因素进行单因素与多因素分析。结果对全部1067例病例进行随访,778例(72.9%)出现远处转移,复发后5年总生存率为42.4%。复发部位、胸壁复发灶数目及其最大直径、有无放射治疗、放射治疗范围、有无化疗、有无手术切除或切除活检等因素的不同亚组间局部控制率的差异有统计学意义(P0.050);腋窝淋巴结转移情况、无病间期、ER或PR表达、HER-2表达以及再治疗中有无化疗等因素的不同亚组间远处转移率的差异有统计学意义(P0.050);无病间期、复发部位、胸壁复发灶数目、ER或PR表达、HER-2表达、治疗方法等因素的不同亚组间5年总生存率的差异有统计学意义(P0.050);无病间期≤2年、复发部位多、治疗方案单一、局部控制率低及ER、PR均阴性是导致复发性乳腺癌预后差的独立因素(P0.050)。结论多部位复发、胸壁多发结节及胸壁复发灶最大直径3cm者局部控制不佳,局部扩大野放射治疗结合化疗和(或)手术是改善局部控制率的较好模式;有腋窝淋巴结转移、2年内复发、ER、PR均阴性以及HER-2阳性表达的乳腺癌复发后容易发生远处转移,复发再治疗中化疗能减少远处转移的发生;对于复发性乳腺癌采取综合治疗方案可以提高复发患者的生存率;无病间期长,多部位复发,ER或PR阴性者提示预后不良。     

54例乳腺癌术后胸壁转移患者的临床特征及预后因素分析

目的：探讨乳腺癌术后局部胸壁转移患者的临床特征、治疗方式及影响预后的因素。方法收集54例术后以胸壁复发为首发转移部位的乳腺癌患者的临床资料,分析各项临床和病理因素同局部控制率及生存期之间的关系;并搜索万方及Pubmed数据库中的相关文献,进行汇总分析。结果54例患者原发肿瘤术后无病生存期（DFS）为4～277个月,中位DFS为50个月。单纯胸壁转移患者局部复发后无进展生存期（PFS）2～120个月,中位PFS为21个月。单纯胸壁转移组的单因素分析结果显示患者的原发肿瘤病理类型、脉管癌栓情况、激素受体水平、HER2表达情况是原发肿瘤术后DFS及OS的相关预后因素;多因素分析结果显示原发肿瘤的病理类型、脉管癌栓情况、术后辅助放疗、辅助内分泌治疗及原发肿瘤术后DFS是总生存期的独立预后因素。结论乳腺癌术后局部复发将增加远处转移及死亡风险,明确高复发风险因素,采取全身综合治疗及局部治疗可改善患者预后。     

乳腺癌改良根治术后T1-2N1期患者局部区域复发的部位分析

目的 分析乳腺癌改良根治术后T1-2N1患者的局部区域复发(LRR)部位分布,探讨放疗的照射范围。方法 1997年9月至2015年4月中国医学科学院肿瘤医院收治2472例改良根治术后T1-2N1女性乳腺癌患者,均未行新辅助治疗。1898例未行术后放疗的患者纳入本研究,分析患者的局部和区域复发部位。采用Kaplan-Meier法进行局部复发率和区域复发率计算,采用Log-Rank法对影响患者局部复发和区域复发的各因素分别进行单因素分析,纳入单因素分析P值小于0.05的因素进行Cox回归法多因素分析。结果 中位随访时间71.3个月,164例(8.6%)患者发生局部和(或)区域复发。其中复发在锁骨上106例(65%),胸壁69例(42%),腋窝39例(24%),内乳19例(12%)。多因素分析显示年龄(>45岁/≤45岁)、肿瘤位置(其他象限/内象限)、T分期(T1/T2)、腋窝阳性淋巴结数(1个/2~3个)、激素受体(阳性/阴性)是局部复发和区域复发共同的影响因素。结论 乳腺癌改良根治术后T1-2N1期患者的LRR部位主要是锁骨上,其次是胸壁,腋窝和内乳少见。影响局部和区域复发的高危因素基本相似,放疗患者建议照射锁骨上区和胸壁。     

Radiotherapy of the chest wall following mastectomy for early-stage breast cancer: impact on local recurrence and overall survival

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies have renewed an old controversy about the efficacy of adjuvant radiotherapy following mastectomy for breast cancer. Radiotherapy is usually recommended for advanced disease, but whether or not to use it in pT1-T2 pN0 situations is still being debated. This study was designed to clarify whether or not routine radiotherapy of the chest wall following mastectomy reduces the risk of local recurrence and if it influences the overall survival rate. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients treated with mastectomy for pT1-T2 pN0 tumors and no systemic treatment. Patients treated with radiotherapy of the chest wall following mastectomy (Group A) are compared with those treated with mastectomy alone (Group B). RESULTS: A total of 918 patients underwent mastectomy. Patients who received adjuvant radiotherapy after mastectomy (n = 114) had a significantly lower risk for local recurrence. Ten years after the primary diagnosis, 98.1% of the patients with radiotherapy were disease free compared to 86.4% of the patients without radiotherapy. The average time interval from primary diagnosis until local recurrence was 8.9 years in Group A and 2.8 years in Group B. The Cox regression analysis including radiotherapy, tumor size and tumor grading found the highest risk for local recurrence for patients without radiotherapy (p < 0.0004). In terms of overall survival however, the Kaplan-Meier analysis showed no difference between the two groups (p = 0.8787) and the Cox regression analysis failed to show any impact on overall survival. CONCLUSION: With observation spanning over 35 years, this study shows that adjuvant radiotherapy of the chest wall following mastectomy reduces the risk for local recurrence in node-negative patients with pT1-T2 tumors but has no impact on the overall survival rate.     

Results of irradiation in the treatment of locoregional breast cancer recurrence

A retrospective review is presented of 255 patients with chest wall and/or regional nodal recurrent breast cancer treated between January 1956 through December 1981 at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital; 61 patients had such massive or diffuse disease that only palliative irradiation was given, and 194 patients were treated with curative intent and form the basis of this report. All patients treated with radical irradiation received greater than or equal to 4500 rad, and 65% of the patients received boost therapy through reduced fields. Thirty-two percent of patients were treated only to a single recurrent site, 11% of two sites, and 57% to the chest wall and regional nodes. Failure to control recurrent disease within or on the border of the irradiated field occurred in 27% of patients. Of 62 patients treated to the local recurrence site, 27% had further recurrences in adjacent unirradiated sites. The patients with the greatest success for tumor control (78%) and survival at 5 years (48% disease-free) are those patients with histologically negative nodes at time of mastectomy and a single chest wall recurrence. Possible prognostic factors are discussed: initial clinical stage, age of the patient, axillary histology at the time of mastectomy, disease-free interval between mastectomy and recurrence, number and size of recurrences, and prior chest wall recurrence.     

Radiotherapy following mastectomy: indication and contraindication of chest wall irradiation

Purpose: To determine in which cases radiotherapy of the chest wall following mastectomy is indicated, based on the local recurrent rate in patients with locally advanced breast cancer.

Methods and Materials: From 1984 until 1994, 105 patients who had four or more histopathologically confirmed axillary nodes metastases, or T3-4Nany, were subjected to mastectomy and were administered radiotherapy postoperatively using the hockey-stick field, which included the ipsilateral supraclavicular fossa and internal mammary nodes, except the chest wall. Median age was 51 years old (range, 23 to 82 years old). Eighty-five patients underwent radical mastectomy, 18 modified radical mastectomy, and 2 extended radical mastectomy. Fraction size was 2 Gy/day, the weekly fraction size was 10 Gy and the total dose ranged from 44 Gy to 54 Gy (median 50 Gy). Seventy-four patients were administered adjuvant chemotherapy, and 61 patients were administered hormone therapy.

Results: The 5-year disease-free survival rates of the whole study population were 66%. The 5-year chest wall recurrence rates were 10%. The 5-year chest wall recurrence rates of the patients who had no vascular invasion (n = 19) and the patients who had definite vascular invasion (n = 38) were 0% and 24%, respectively (p = 0.036). All the patients who presented chest wall recurrence had four or more axillary nodes metastases. Nine of the 10 patients who presented chest wall recurrence had definite vascular invasion, while there was no information about vascular invasion for the remaining patient. Factors such as age, pathological subtypes, tumor location, estrogen receptors, extent of resection, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy did not influence the development of chest wall recurrence.

Conclusion: Among patients with breast cancer who have four or more positive axillary nodes or T3-4Nany, those who have no vascular invasion or less than 4 axillary nodes metastases do not need to be subjected to chest wall irradiation after radical mastectomy.     

乳腺分叶状肿瘤八例报告

回顾分析8例乳腺分叶状肿瘤患者的临床病理资料，良性2例，交界性2例，恶性4例，患者年龄29～50岁，平均年龄41岁。肿块最大径平均6．6cm（3～38cm）。4例有肿块短时间内迅速增大的病史，4例曾接受2～3次肿瘤局部切除术，1例行局部扩大切除术，2例行乳腺单纯切除术，3例行乳腺改良根治术，1例胸壁复发的巨大肿瘤行皮肤与肋骨的全层切除、背阔肌-侧胸-腹直肌跨区皮瓣转移修复，1例在20个月内做过5次手术。随访3～72个月，8例患者均生存，其中2例分别于首次手术后8和21个月出现肺转移。回顾分析提示，乳腺分叶状肿瘤术前诊断困难，易局部复发，保证切缘阴性的局部扩大切除术是治疗乳腺分叶状肿瘤的合适的手段。     

Radiation therapy for chest wall recurrence of breast cancer after mastectomy in a favorable subgroup of patients

Purpose: Long-term outcome after radiation therapy for local–regional recurrence of breast cancer after mastectomy is generally poor. This study was performed to evaluate the long-term outcome for a potentially favorable subgroup of patients with chest wall recurrence.Methods and Materials: Of 71 patients with an isolated local–regional recurrence of breast cancer after mastectomy, 18 were identified who met the following favorable selection criteria: 1) a disease-free interval after mastectomy of 2 years or more, 2) an isolated chest wall recurrence, and 3) tumor size < 3 cm or complete excision of the recurrent disease. All 18 patients were treated with local–regional irradiation between 1967 and 1988. Radiotherapy (RT) was delivered to the chest wall to a median total dose of 60 Gy (range 30–66 Gy). Four patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and six patients received adjuvant hormonal therapy.Results: With a median follow-up of 8.4 years, nine of 18 patients were alive and free of disease. The 10-year actuarial overall and cause-specific survivals were 72% and 77%, respectively. The 10-year actuarial relapse-free survival and local control were 42% and 86%, respectively.Conclusion: Treatment for a local–regional recurrence of breast cancer after mastectomy in a favorable subgroup of patients results in a high rate of long-term survival as well as excellent local control. Aggressive treatment is warranted in this favorable subgroup of patients. 1998 Elsevier Science Inc.     

Duct carcinoma in situ: predictors of local recurrence and progression in patients treated by surgery alone

Between 1972 and 1982, 60 patients with histologically proven duct carcinoma in situ (DCIS) without evidence of invasive disease were treated by surgery alone. Treatment was not randomised and was total mastectomy (19), subcutaneous mastectomy (6) or local excision (35). Follow-up was by clinical examination and mammography with a median follow-up of 9 years (range 4-16 years). Twenty-six patients (43%) have recurred locally. The estimated proportion recurrence free at 7 years is 59% (95% CI 46-72%). Local recurrence on the chest wall occurred in one patient having total mastectomy and in the chest wall or nipple in three patients having subcutaneous mastectomy. Twenty-two patients recurred locally in the breast after conservative surgery. The 7-year recurrence-free rates were 94%, 44% and 45% respectively in the three groups. Of those patients who recurred locally 14/26 (54%) did so with invasive disease. Of the 34 who did not develop local recurrence, two developed metastases. The only factor which correlated with local recurrence and invasive local recurrence on multivariate analysis was conservative surgery (hazard ratio 4.71 (1.59-14.0), P = 0.001, and 4.05 (1.00-18.7), P = 0.03, respectively). DCIS can be an aggressive local disease and local excision may be inadequate treatment.     

The significance of local recurrence of carcinoma of the breast

One hundred twenty-one patients with local or regional recurrence of carcinoma of the breast without evidence of distant metastases were treated with megavoltage radiation therapy. All patients had radical or modified radical mastectomy as their initial treatment. The 10 year survival probability of this group of patients is 26 %, with a local control probability of 46 %. Within this group of patients with recurrent disease, factors found to be associated with a poorer prognosis include peripheral nodal recurrence, advanced initial disease stage and short disease free interval. Contrary to expectation, patients with recurrence within the mastectomy scar (as opposed to chest wall recurrence wide of the scar) or a history of previous radiotherapy had poorer local control rates (although not statistically significant), without effect upon overall survival. Comprehensive radiation therapy (peripheral lymphatic plus chest wall) enhanced the local control rate for the entire group and the survival probability for patients with isolated chest wall recurrence compared with limited radiation therapy fields. (Five year survival probability: chest wall irradiation only = 27%; chest wall and peripheral lymphatic = 54%). Patients given systemic therapy at the time of local recurrence showed no survival benefit. Aggressive, comprehensive radiation therapy is indicated for locally recurrent breast cancer. More effective systemic therapy is needed, especially for higher risk patients.     

Ductal carcinoma in situ recurrent on the chest wall after mastectomy

Two patients with local recurrence on the chest wall subsequent to mastectomy for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are presented. One recurrence was invasive carcinoma and the second was DCIS. Excision and chest wall irradiation, together with chemotherapy in the first patient, have provided subsequent disease-free survivals of 6 and 12 years respectively. Although mastectomy for DCIS is almost always curative, the possibility of local recurrence requires careful surveillance.     

Long-term outcome after postmastectomy radiation therapy for the treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast.

Postmastectomy radiation therapy may be recommended for patients with a high risk for local recurrence after mastectomy for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). However, long-term outcomes after postmastectomy radiation therapy are not well described. This study was performed to determine long-term outcomes in patients treated with radiation therapy after mastectomy for DCIS. The authors reviewed the records of all patients with breast cancer treated with postmastectomy radiation therapy between 1978 and 1992. Of 287 total patients treated, three (1%) were for DCIS. These three patients had diffuse microcalcifications on screening mammography. The reason for postmastectomy radiation therapy was a potentially increased risk for local recurrence because of a positive resection margin after mastectomy for DCIS. Surgery consisted of a total mastectomy (n = 2) or a modified radical mastectomy (n = 1). Radiation therapy consisted of 4275-5000 cGy to the chest wall in 200-225 cGy fractions. The energy used was 6-MV photons (n = 2) or 15-MV photons (n = 1). No regional nodal irradiation was used. Bolus was applied to the chest wall every other day in one of the three patients. One patient was treated with a scar boost after chest wall irradiation (boost dose, 1000 cGy; total dose, 5275 cGy). The median age for the three patients was 46 years (range, 41-68 years). No patient received adjuvant chemotherapy or hormonal therapy. With a minimum follow-up of 7.1 years (median, 7.4 years; range, 7.1-19.4 years), no local-regional recurrence or evidence of metastatic disease developed in any of the patients. No long-term complication from radiation therapy was noted, and no contralateral breast cancer developed. All patients were alive and free of relapse at the last follow-up. The use of radiation therapy in this group of three patients has shown no evidence of relapse with a minimum of 7.1 years of follow-up. The authors conclude that radiation therapy may be indicated after mastectomy for DCIS to reduce the risk of recurrence for high-risk patients.