国产与进口吲达帕胺片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 评价吲达帕胺(抗高血压药)在健康人体的相对生物利用度和生物等效性.方法 健康受试者22名,自身随机交叉试验方法,单剂量口服受试制剂及参比制剂2.5 mg,每次间隔1周清洗期.用液质联用方法测定血浆中的吲达帕胺浓度,计算药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度,并进行生物等效性评价.结果 单剂量口服受试制剂T与参比制剂R的Cmax分别为(29.30±9.64),(28.05±7.33)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(3.00±1.62),(2.80±1.12)h;t1/2分别为(15.80 ±3.48),(15.50±3.95)h;AUC0-tn分别为(562.75±186.25),(533.23±181.98)μg·L-1·h;AUC0-∞分别为(599.43±201.16),(566.76 ±194.32)μg·L-1·h.经统计学分析,组间无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论 国产吲达帕胺片与进口吲达帕胺片为生物等效制剂.     

进口与国产比卡鲁胺片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的研究比卡鲁胺片在(抗雄性激素药)在健康人体内的药代动力学,并比较国产与进口2种制剂的生物等效性。方法44名健康男性志愿者随机平行口服单剂量国产(试验制剂)或进口比卡鲁胺片(参比制剂)50mg后,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中比卡鲁胺片浓度,用DAS软件计算2者的药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度,并评价2种制剂的生物等效性。结果国产和进口比卡鲁胺片的AUC0-n分别为(94.4±20.6)和(102.3±17.4)μg.h.mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(102.1±20.8)和(108.7±18.9)μg.h.mL-1,Cmax分别为(538±151)和(619±167)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(21±12)和(23±12)h,生物利用度F=93.9%。结论国产和进口比卡鲁胺片具有生物等效性。     

盐酸依匹斯汀片在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度

目的研究国产和进口盐酸依匹斯汀片(抗组胺药)在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度,并进行生物等效性评价。方法20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服国产和进口盐酸依匹斯汀片40mg后,用反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆盐酸依匹斯汀浓度,用DAS软件计算其药代动力学参数。结果2种制剂在人体的药时曲线均符合二室开放模型,主要药代动力学参数:t1/2分别为(10.12±1.28)和(10.43±2.44)h;tmax分别为(2.18±0.47)和(2.03±0.41)h;Cmax分别为(65.90±16.45)和(68.17±13.25)μg·L-1;AUC0-36分别为(591.63±88.22)和(600.90±93.74)μg·L-1.h;AUC0-∞分别为(647.04±101.58)和(657.96±87.56)μg·L-1.h。与进口制剂比较,国产制剂的相对生物利用度F0-36为(99.40±12.77)%;F0-36为(98.85±13.72)%。结论国产和进口制剂具有生物等效性。     

国产与进口盐酸特比萘芬在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 比较国产与进口盐酸特比萘芬片(广谱抗真菌药)在健康人体的生物利用度和生物等效性.方法 20名健康受试者随机分组,双交叉单次口服国产(试验制剂)与进口(对照制剂)盐酸特比萘芬各250 mg,清洗期为1周.服药后于各时间点采血3 mL,用高效液相色谱法检测血药浓度,用DAS 2.0软件计算药代动力学参数,并进行生物等效性评价.结果 对照制剂和试验制剂的主要药代动力学参数:t1/2分别为(17.26±7.60),(17.94±7.94)h;AUC0-t分别为(5.20±2.06),(4.90±1.50)mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(5.70±2.24),(5.40±1.74)mg·h·L-1;Cmax分别为(1.15±0.48),(1.03±0.36)mg·L-1;tmax分别为(1.56±0.74),(1.36±0.50)h.试验制剂的相对生物利用度F为104.4%.结论 国产和进口盐酸特比萘芬片生物等效.     

国产与进口吲达帕胺缓释片在健康人体的药代动力学及生物等效性

目的评价国产和进口吲达帕胺缓释片(抗高血压药)在健康人体内的药代动力学与生物等效性。方法按自身对照随机交叉双周期试验设计, 20名健康志愿者单剂口服进口与国产吲达帕胺缓释片1．5 mg,用高效液相色谱-电化学检测法测定血浆中药物浓度。结果药代动力学参数如下。单剂量:Cmax分别为(19．2±6．3)和(18．1±5．6)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为 (12．3±2．1)和(12．7±1．9)h;AUC0→72分别为(528．2±264．0)和(514．5 ±210．2)ng·h·mL-1;F为(100．7±16．3)％。多剂量:Cmax分别为(34．5 ±10．7)和(36．0±11．9)ng·mL-1;Cmin分别为(16．0±5．8)和(17．2± 6．0)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(10．7±1．8)和(10．8±2．3)h;AUCss分别为 (568．8±198．2)和(584．7±195．5)ng·h·mL-1;F为(104．2±12．5)％。结论 2种吲达帕胺缓释片具有生物等效性。     

加替沙星片人体药代动力学及生物等效性研究

目的:在中国健康成年男性志愿者中比较研究国产和进口加替沙星片剂的药代动力学参数,评估两者的生物等效性。方法:24名健康男性志愿者随机自身前后交叉给药,分别单剂口服国产和进口加替沙星片400mg。以HPLC测定血药浓度,应用DAS软件计算两者的药代动力学并考察其生物等效性。结果:受试者分别应用国产片剂(试验制剂)和进口片剂(参比制剂)400mg后,两药药-时曲线均符合二房室模型,主要药代动力学参数:Tmax分别为(0.99±0.41)h和(1.11±0.60)h;Cmax分别为(4.11±0.76)μg/mL和(3.89±0.54)μg/mL;t1/2β分别为(7.75±0.81)h和(7.39±0.92)h;AUC0-36h分别为(29.81±5.70)μg·mL-1·h和(30.77±4.40)μg·mL-1·h;AUC0-∞分别为(30.97±6.01)μg·mL-1·h和(31.85±4.58)μg·mL-1·h;国产片剂对于进口片剂的相对生物利用度F0-36h为(97.63±19.15)%。结论:国产与进口加替沙星片剂为生物等效制剂。     

非那雄胺片在健康志愿者的生物等效性研究

目的:比较国产与进口非那雄胺片的人体生物等效性.方法:18例健康男性单次随机交叉口服非那雄胺10mg后,用HPLC法测定血清中各时的药物浓度,计算两者的药物动力学参数和相对生物利用度,进行生物等效性评价.结果:国产及进口非那雄胺片的主要药动学参数如下:AUC0-t分别为(1039.13±272.37)和(1008.60±244.77)μg·h·L-1,Cmax分别为(128.72±26.69)和(117.32±25.20)μg·L-1,Tmax分别为(2.69±0.39)和(2.69±0.49)h,供试制剂相对于参比制剂的人体生物利用度为(106.58±27.79)%.结论:国产与进口非那雄胺片具有生物等效性.     

国产与进口磷酸吡多醛丁咯地尔胶囊在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性

目的研究国产与进口磷酸吡多醛丁咯地尔胶囊(脑血管与外周血管扩张药)在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性。方法20名健康男性受试者随机交叉单次口服国产与进口磷酸吡多醛丁咯地尔400mg后,用反相-高效液相色谱法测定血清中丁咯地尔浓度,计算2制剂的药代动力学参数和相对生物利用度,并进行生物等效性评价。结果国产及进口磷酸吡多醛丁咯地尔胶囊的主要药代动力学参数:tmax分别为(1.40±0.45)和(1.53±0.57)h,Cmax分别为(1.51±0.38)和(1.67±0.58)mg·L-1,AUC0-t分别为(9.10±3.42)和(9.43±3.72)mg·h·L-1,供试制剂相对于参比制剂的人体生物利用度为(98.11±16.00)%。结论国产与进口磷酸吡多醛丁咯地尔胶囊具有生物等效性。     

盐酸阿呋唑嗪片剂的人体生物等效性研究

12名健康志愿者采用交叉给药方法,分别单剂量口服5mg国产盐酸阿呋唑嗪片及进口盐酸阿呋唑嗪片,进行两种制剂的生物等效性研究.采用HPLC荧光检测法测定血浆中阿呋唑嗪的浓度, 血药浓度-时间数据经3p97生物利用度计算程序处理拟合,符合血管外给药二室开放模型, 试验结果表明:单次口服5 mg国产盐酸阿呋唑嗪片和进口盐酸阿呋唑嗪片后,达峰时间分别为1.46±0.54h和1.42±0.29 h,峰浓度分别为39.79±5.29μg·L-1和40.05±5.88μg·L-1,0～24h的药时曲线下面积分别为225.40±26.66μg·h·L-1和235.04±24.13μg·h·L-1.其主要药代动力学参数经方差分析和双单侧t检验,无显著性差异(P>0.05),两种制剂具有生物等效性.国产盐酸阿呋唑嗪片的相对生物利用度为96.9%±15.8%.     

国产与进口盐酸沙格雷酯片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究国产与进口盐酸沙格雷酯片(抗血栓药)的相对生物利用度,评价2者的生物等效性.方法 采用双周期自身交叉试验设计,单剂量口服给药.24名健康男性受试者分别单剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂,血浆样品采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测.结果 受试制剂及参比制剂盐酸沙格雷酯片的主要药代动力学参数:Cmax分别为(710.25±305.79),(653.33±311.06)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(0.39±0.23),(0.38±0.19)h;t1/2分别为(0.72±0.10),(0.67±0.10)h;AUC0-tn分别为(473.80±216.83),(440.17±440.17)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(479.88±224.77),(443.79±144.70)μg·h·L-1;受试制剂盐酸沙格雷酯片的相对生物利用度F0-tn、F0-∞分别为(110.24±38.24)%,(110.64±39.07)%.结论 受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.