模拟内镜下经鼻-翼腭窝至Meckel腔入路的应用解剖学研究

目的通过对鼻腔-上颌窦-翼腭窝-Meckel腔入路的内镜解剖学研究,为治疗Meckel腔肿瘤提供新的入路选择。方法对15具动静脉灌注乳胶的成人尸头标本进行模拟鼻内镜下该入路分层显微解剖,对相关解剖标志进行了观察、分析、拍摄和测量。结果该入路分为三步：进入上颌窦,进入翼腭窝,最后进入Meckel腔。追踪翼管神经血管束,解剖分离四方形空间可安全到达Meckel腔。鼻小柱至上颌窦口、蝶腭孔、翼管前孔距离分别为（44.08±2.61）mm、（64.83±2.42）mm和（70.43±2.94）mm。鼻小柱至上颌窦口连线,及其至蝶腭孔连线与腭骨水平板的夹角分别为（38.10±2.46）°和（6.15±2.26）°。结论鼻内镜下鼻腔-上颌窦-翼腭窝-Meckel腔入路是到达Meckel腔前下内面的安全且直接的入路,可用来治疗Meckel腔肿瘤。     

翼管区显微镜及内镜解剖研究进展

翼管位于蝶骨大翼根部内侧,向前开口与翼腭窝后内侧壁,圆孔内下方,周围蝶腭孔、翼腭窝及圆孔等解剖结构复杂。蝶腭孔是内镜下从鼻腔进入翼腭窝的首个骨性标志;翼腭窝内有上颌动脉、翼腭神经节及其分支等重要结构;圆孔是上颌神经及圆孔动脉出入颅内外的管道。翼管内有翼管神经及翼管动脉穿行。翼管神经止于翼腭神经节,发出分支支配泪腺及鼻咽部腺体的分泌。翼管动脉由上颌动脉发出,向后穿过翼管进入破裂孔与颈内动脉相交通。颈内动脉前膝状节"恒定"位于翼管上内侧,故翼管可作为手术中寻找颈内动脉前膝状节的有效标志。     

Meckel腔三叉神经鞘瘤的显微手术治疗

目的探讨Meckel腔三叉神经鞘瘤的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析18例Meckel腔三叉神经鞘瘤的病例资料。均经强化MRJ明确诊断．其中局限在Meckel腔内11例，长满Meckel腔稍突向颅后窝5例，长满Meckel腔并经圆孔及卵圆孔突向颅外2例。均采用改良颞下-硬膜内入路显微手术治疗。结果18例肿瘤均镜下全切除。病理检查为三叉神经鞘瘤。随访3个月．4年．临床症状消失或不同程度减轻，肿瘤未见复发。结论强化MRI检查是三叉神经鞘瘤可靠的诊断方法。改良颞下-硬膜内入路最微手术是治疗Meckel腔三叉神经鞘瘤安全可靠的方法。     

额颞-颞下窝入路翼腭窝的显微解剖学研究

目的为经外侧入路处理翼腭窝及中颅底病变提供解剖学依据.方法观察15例干性头颅标本的翼腭窝骨性标志,并对12具成人湿颅标本行额颞-颞下窝入路显微解剖,观察翼腭窝内的血管、神经结构及其毗邻关系.结果上颌动脉翼肌段位于神经成分前方,其末端外径平均为(2.46±0.58)mm,眶下裂孔至圆孔和翼管外口间平均距离分别为(13.34±3.03)mm、(17.33±4.05)mm;翼管长(14.65±1.76)mm,走行与垂体窝外侧颈动脉沟平行,翼管中点距颈动脉沟(12.72±1.38)mm.结论行经外侧翼腭窝入路时,以眶下裂孔作为辨认翼腭窝深部结构的解剖标志,有利于提高手术的安全性.     

扩大经蝶入路进入海绵窦内侧腔的应用显微解剖

目的为临床开展扩大经蝶入路进入海绵窦内侧腔手术提供解剖学依据。方法用50例成人头颅标本．在显微镜下对蝶窦外侧壁、蝶鞍、海绵窦及周围结构进行解剖学观察并测量。模拟扩大经蝶入路磨除海绵窦腹侧骨质，切开海绵窦内侧壁，显露海绵窦内侧腔。结果颈内动脉（ICA）明显隆起于蝶窦侧壁的占58％，蝶窦内隆起呈管型占3％。鞍底硬膜分为2层，海绵窦内侧壁的上部南垂体硬膜构成，无骨性结构支撑；下部由骨周硬膜构成，有蝶窦侧壁骨质支撑。两侧海绵窦内侧壁的距离为（14．8±2．7）mm。海绵窦内侧腔位于C4段ICA与垂体之间，腔内为丰富的静脉丛，最宽可达7mm，但常因ICA扭曲而闭塞。无颅神经穿越海绵窦内侧腔，ICA是扩大经蝶入路探查海绵窦遇到的第一个主要结构。结论扩大经蝶入路进入海绵窦内侧腔是安全可行的。     

神经导航辅助下前颞下经硬膜外前岩骨锁孔入路的显微解剖学研究

背景蝶岩斜区手术入路的选择和设计成为神经外科界关注和探索的难题之一.此部位手术多采用颞下入路、扩大中颅窝入路、Kawase入路、额颞眶颧入路等,但这些入路颅外组织损伤较多,存在大范围的无效暴露及不必要的结构破坏.为此,本实验应用微创锁孔入路的新理念,在颞下入路基础上,模拟前颞下经硬膜外前岩骨锁孔入路,并将神经导航技术运用到该入路中,进行显微解剖学研究,探讨其可行性,为临床应用提供依据.方法①导航资料的建立尸头切口周围6-8枚钛钉标记,行螺旋CT连续、无间隙扫描,影像资料输入Stoker神经导航系统.在导航系统Contour功能栏内,分别标出前岩骨、耳蜗、内听道的轮廓,指导术中岩骨的磨除范围.②模拟前颞下经硬膜外前岩骨锁孔入路尸头向对侧旋转约90°,取耳屏前约1 cm、颧弓上缘上行长约4 cm的直切口,在颧弓根部用磨钻磨开一小骨孔,以铣刀取下直径2.0～2.5 cm的小骨瓣.自中颅窝底抬起颞部硬脑膜,切断脑膜冲动脉.在下颌神经表面切开硬膜,进入海绵窦外侧壁浅、深两层之间,用显微剥离子向圆孔、眶上裂分离硬膜融合区,暴露海绵窦外侧壁,通过海绵窦三角显露内部结构.用神经导航定位耳蜗、内听道,依次磨除Kawase菱形区及三叉神经节下方的岩尖部,暴露上、中斜坡及桥小脑角等结构,观察并比较暴露结构的不同.③神经导航记录确定海绵窦三角、Kawase菱形区、最大限度磨除前岩骨后形成的菱形区的各点坐标,应用空间任意两点的距离函数由Excel算出长度,应用三角形面积公式算出面积.结果 1.海绵窦外侧壁由浅、深两层构成,深浅两层之间存在潜在的间隙,其内没有神经、血管穿过,动眼神经、滑车神经、三叉神经走行于该间隙之下.剥离该间隙,可以暴露海绵窦外侧壁全貌.暴露的相关海绵窦三角为①滑车神经上三角可暴露海绵窦后上腔、内侧腔,颈内动脉水平部上面、后曲部及其脑膜垂体干分支②Parkinson三角可暴露海绵窦前下腔、后上腔、内侧腔,颈内动脉后升部、水平部、后曲部及其脑膜垂体干分支,海绵窦下动脉,外展神经;③Mullan三角(前内侧三角)可暴露颈内动脉水平部、前曲部,海绵窦下动脉,外展神经④前外侧三角可显露卵圆孔与圆孔间的蝶骨表面.2.Meckel腔位于海绵窦后部韵外下方,小脑幕附着缘和岩上窦下方,是颅后窝向颅中窝突入的硬膜陷窝,形成一个中颅窝和后颅窝之间沟通的自然通路.Meckel腔包裹三叉神经根、节及三个分支至各自的出颅孔.3.计算出Kawase菱形区的面积为(248.2±12.4)mm2,最大限度磨除前岩骨后形成的菱形区面积为(318.4±36.2)mm2.两者比较有显著性差异(t=27.53,P《0.05).4. 通过三叉神经上间隙暴露上斜坡、基底动脉中部通过三叉神经下间隙暴露内听道下方的部分中斜坡、脑桥下部、脑桥延髓沟、延髓上部、椎基底动脉交接部、椎动脉近端、小脑前下动脉脑桥前段和脑桥外侧段.磨除三叉神经压迹下方的骨质,可进一步暴露展神经、Dorello管孔、小脑前下动脉的起始点.结论前颞下经硬膜外前岩骨锁孔入路具有可行性.通过一个直径2.0～2.5 cm的小骨窗,可以充分显露海绵窦、Meckel腔及三叉神经分支等结构,对原发或侵及上述部位的肿瘤可以直视下完全暴露.如病变扩展至后颅窝,通过最大限度磨除前部岩骨,暴露上、中斜坡,进行切除.但因岩斜区和海绵窦区解剖复杂,该锁孔入路在解决微创问题的同时,仍然存在传统入路相似的不足.     

翼腭窝三维可视模型的建立及内镜下解剖结构分析*☆

背景：正确理解翼腭窝解剖是翼腭窝手术的关键,翼腭窝可视模型对帮助医生详细了解内镜下翼腭窝的复杂结构非常重要。 目的：建立翼腭窝三维可视模型显示内镜下翼腭窝的相关解剖结构,为翼腭窝手术入路提供指导。 方法：依据一位患者冠状位CT血管成像数据,通过MOI自由设计大师和SketchUp软件构建三维数字模型,进行手术计划,模拟经鼻内镜入路,开放上颌窦口,去除上颌窦后壁,进入翼腭窝,提供特定视野及空间方向观察。 结果与结论：成功构建翼腭窝及相邻解剖结构的可视模型,为鼻内镜手术入路提供帮助,使用者可与模型进行交互作用并可任意操作模型(包括射线模式,内部观察),可在特定视野内随时观察,为手术计划提供准确的形态信息,包括颌内动脉及其分支,腭降动脉,蝶腭动脉,后鼻动脉,圆孔,翼管,蝶窦,眶下裂,视神经管,翼突,颈内动脉等。可见内镜下空间方向发生改变。结果提示,SketchUp和MOI 构建翼腭窝模型方法简单可行, 可帮助理解内镜下翼腭窝的解剖结构,可模拟手术过程。     

扩大乙状窦后经内耳孔上入路显微外科解剖学研究

目的 利用半规管切除技术,对乙状窦后经内耳孔上入路(RSA)进行改良,形成扩大乙状窦后经内耳孔上入路(ERSA),研究ERSA能否改善对中颅窝、上斜坡、三叉神经的显露.材料成人颅骨标本10例,福尔马林固定尸头标本15例,新鲜头颅标本3例.方法 先行乙状窦后经内耳孔上入路,磨除内耳孔上结节、岩尖,测量三叉神经、中颅窝、上斜坡的显露范围.再行扩大乙状窦后经内耳孔上入路,向侧方将岩骨上方的骨性结构切除,显露并阻塞上、后半规管和总脚,然后切除上、后半规管,再测量三叉神经、中颅窝、上斜坡的显露范围.结果 中颅窝的显露范围RSA为(144±34)mm2,ERSA为(487.2±37.2)mm2.上斜坡显露的范围RSA为(90.3±16.7)mm2,ERSA为(93.4±15.1)mm2.三叉神经的显露范围RSA显露Meckel腔内的三叉神经,ERSA扩大到半月神经节及其分叉.三叉神经的显露长度RSA为(9.1±0.7)mm,ERSA为(13.1±0.7)mm.结论 和RSA相比,ERSA可进一步扩大显露中颅窝,可扩大显露三叉神经到Meckel腔内的半月神经节,但上斜坡显露范围扩大不明显.     

翼腭窝的显微和断层解剖研究及应用

目的 研究翼腭窝区解剖特点,为经上颌颅底手术入路提供解剖资料.方法 在10个甲醛固定成人头颅标本上,显微镜下观察翼腭窝内神经血管的解剖毗邻关系.利用冷冻铣切技术,获得横断、冠状及矢状位0.1 mm层面,在断面上连续追踪、观察翼腭窝的解剖结构.结果 翼腭窝内有上颌神经、翼管神经、蝶腭神经节及上颌动脉等重要结构,其内容物分为血管层和神经层.翼腭窝的解剖标志有圆孔、蝶腭孔及翼突,圆孔至翼管前口的距离为(0.872±0.242) cm,翼管至蝶腭孔的距离为(0.946±0.262) cm.圆孔位于眶上裂的外下方,圆孔至眶上裂距离为(0.846±0.264) cm.结论 冷冻铣切技术获得的断面清晰地显示了翼腭窝的解剖关系;显微和断层解剖方法相结合,阐明了翼腭窝区神经与血管分层的解剖特点,圆孔、蝶腭孔、翼突及翼管外孔可作为该区域的定位解剖标志.     

颧下眶下连线在圆孔前入路穿刺治疗三叉神经痛中的临床应用

目的 探讨颧下眶下连线在圆孔前入路穿刺治疗三叉神经痛中的临床应用价值。方法 南通市第一人民医院2017年1月—2018年12月收治的原发性三叉神经痛患者24例,随机分为2组,A组:术前于面部标记颧下眶下连线,按照标记的参考线穿刺,先进入翼腭窝靠近圆孔,再调整方向进入圆孔。B组:面部没有参考线,穿刺沿着上颌骨后外侧壁滑入翼腭窝,X线下逐步调整方向,进入圆孔。分析比较两组的术前疼痛目测类比评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)、手术时间、穿刺次数、首次准确率、术中穿刺并发症和术后有效率,以及术后上唇、腭部麻木率。评价A组患者颧下眶下连线作为参考线与穿刺针方向是否一致。结果本组24例患者均完成前入路圆孔穿刺,无重大并发症。两组患者的术后有效率、上唇、腭部麻木率均达到了100%。B组患者中有6例患者出现面部血肿,A组无面部血肿者。两组手术时间、穿刺次数、首次准确率比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P 0. 05)。A组患者的颧下眶下连线与穿刺针方向基本一致,平均角度为(0. 63±2. 82)°。结论 经圆孔穿刺射频治疗三叉神经痛是有效、可行的。圆孔前入路穿刺中颧下眶下连线给术者有很好的参考价值;可明显减少并发症,减少手术时间及穿刺次数,提高准确率,值得临床推广。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effect of high simple dose of cisplatinum and of radiation on the brain of rabbit

Abstract

In former studies of intracarotid and intravenous administration of cisplatinum, separate and combined with brain irradiation, we found no cerebral damage. In this study! gradually increasing high doses (above the therapeutic ones) of cisplatinum were administered intravenously to one series of rabbits arid increasing high amounts of irradiation (above the therapeutic amounts) were given to another series. Although the rabbits that received highest doses of irradiation developed areas of alopecia and skin ulcers on the head! the general clinical and histopathologic examination of the rabbits brains in both series was normal. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of high doses of intravenous cisplatinum and irradiation on the rabbits brains. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 216–218]