利用铝铬渣与废弃镁碳砖合成镁铝尖晶石材料

以铁合金厂铝铬渣和钢厂废弃镁碳砖为主要原料,通过固相烧结反应合成MgAl2O4材料,研究分析铝铬渣与废弃镁碳砖细粉比例关系对合成MgAl2O4材料组成和结构的影响.用XRD、SEM及Rietveld quantification软件对材料中结晶相组成和结构进行表征.结果表明:铝铬渣和废弃镁碳砖细粉经1500℃保温2h煅烧,可以合成出镁铝尖晶石材料.当镁碳砖含量为40％,铝铬渣为60％时,合成材料微观结构中出现典型的镁铝尖晶石八面体形貌特征,结晶相发育完整,结构致密,镁铝尖晶石含量达到94％.     

TiO2含量对镁铝钛耐火材料烧结及显微结构的影响

以电熔镁砂、电熔白刚玉、电熔尖晶石、铬精矿及钛白粉为原料制备了镁铝钛试样,研究了加入不同量TiO2(分别为2%、3.5%、4%、4.5%、5%、7%和12.5%)的镁铝钛材料分别在1450℃、1500℃、1550℃、1600℃、1680℃、1750℃保温4~5h后的烧结状况,并对1500℃和1600℃烧后试样进行了SEM、EDAX和XRD分析。结果表明:加入质量分数为3.5%~7%的TiO2就能显著促进镁铝钛试样的烧结,同时改善其抗热震性;当煅烧温度低于1680℃时,随着煅烧温度的升高,试样的烧结程度越好,显气孔率下降,体积密度增加;试样的主晶相为方镁石,基质部分结构致密,气孔少且多呈封闭的圆孔状;基质中主晶相为方镁石,次晶相为尖晶石固溶体、钛酸钙和少量的镁橄榄石,方镁石之间、方镁石和次晶相之间的直接结合利于试样性能的提高。     

增强型镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷的制备

以溶胶-凝胶法结合热压及热等静压工艺制备了一系列增强型镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷(MgO·n Al2O3),研究了n值对粉体物相的影响以及与陶瓷红外透过率、抗弯强度的关系.n值为1.5、2、4时,MgO· nAl2O3粉体仍可保持纯尖晶石相,增强型镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷MgO·1.5Al2O3在具备与镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷(MgAl2O4,即MgO· Al2O3)相当的优良中波红外透过率的同时,抗弯强度有大幅提高.     

两种镁源反应烧结合成镁铝尖晶石

分别以轻烧菱镁矿粉和分析纯MgO粉为镁源,以工业α-Al2O3粉为铝源,按n(MgO):n(Al2O3)=1:1的比例配料,经球磨混合、机压成型后,分别在1 550、1 600和1 650℃保温3 h合成了两种不同镁源的镁铝尖晶石试样,对比检测了两种试样的致密度、强度、物相组成和显微结构的差异。结果表明:1)利用两种不同镁源合成试样的致密度和强度均随合成温度的升高而增大,在合成温度相同时,以轻烧菱镁矿为镁源的试样的致密度和强度较高。2)以轻烧菱镁矿为镁源、1 650℃合成的试样的主晶相为尖晶石,还有少量CA2和CaSiO3,其尖晶石晶体发育较好,八面体形态可辨;以分析纯MgO为镁源、1 650℃合成的试样中只有单相镁铝尖晶石,但尖晶石晶体发育较差,只有少数形成较完整的八面体形态。3)轻烧菱镁矿中SiO2、CaO杂质的存在有利于试样中形成CaO-Al2O3-MgO-SiO2系低熔点相,促进镁铝尖晶石晶体的发育及试样的烧结。     

电磁场环境下碳含量对MgO-C砖抗高碱度渣侵蚀性能的影响

为了探索Mg O-C砖在电磁搅拌、电弧炉和感应炉等电磁场环境下使用时的抗渣侵蚀性,采用w(C)分别为6%、14%的Mg O-C砖和m(Ca O)/m(Si O2)=3.5的炉渣在中频感应炉中进行抗熔渣侵蚀试验,并对渣蚀后试样进行了XRD和SEM、EDAX分析。结果表明:在电磁场环境下,w(C)=6%的镁碳砖渣蚀后低熔点相为镁黄长石,w(C)=14%的镁碳砖渣蚀后低熔点相为黄长石。镁碳砖渣蚀过程中,w(C)=6%的镁碳砖中镁砂未完全形成镁铁(锰)固溶体或镁铁尖晶石即剥落于熔渣中;而w(C)=14%的镁碳砖中镁砂形成镁铁(锰)固溶体或镁铁尖晶石后剥落于熔渣中;在渣蚀后镁碳砖过渡层中,电磁场促进了Al2O3、Mn O、Fe O、Fe2O3的渗透,生成镁铁(锰)固溶体、镁铁尖晶石、镁铝尖晶石或金属单质,w(C)=14%的镁碳砖渗透较弱,生成的固溶体或尖晶石较少,易剥落于熔渣中。     

轻质氧化镁含量对方镁石-镁铝尖晶石砖性能的影响

以不同粒径的烧结镁砂、电熔镁铝尖晶石、镁铝尖晶石空心球为起始原料,采用固相烧结法制备了方镁石-镁铝尖晶石砖。通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征试样的物相组成和微观结构,利用阿基米德排水法测试试样的体积密度和显气孔率,研究轻质氧化镁含量和烧结温度对方镁石-镁铝尖晶石砖性能的影响。结果表明,随轻质氧化镁含量的增加,方镁石-镁铝尖晶石砖显气孔率呈增加趋势,而体积密度变化不明显,试样表现出优异的力学性能。当轻质氧化镁含量为25%(质量分数)时,方镁石-镁铝尖晶石砖的抗折强度最大为9.56 MPa,热导率最低为1.92 W·m^-1·K^-1。显微结构表明骨料和基质结合良好,并能形成微孔状通道。利用其特殊的微孔结构,提高了试样的力学性能和耐腐蚀性,进一步保护方镁石-镁铝尖晶石砖免受碱侵蚀。     

工艺参数对镁铝尖晶石保温材料物相与性能的影响

以α-Al2O3微粉、电熔镁砂和ρ-Al2O3为原料,采用泡沫胶凝法制备了体积密度0.9～1.1 g/cm3镁铝尖晶石保温材料,考察了ρ-Al2O3、电熔镁砂加入量、烧成温度和保温时间对镁铝尖晶石保温材料物相与性能的影响.研究结果表明,随着ρ-Al2O3加入量增加试样常温耐压强度与烧成线变化率增大,物相组成均为“刚玉+镁铝尖晶石”;增加MgO加入量试样先收缩后膨胀,加入量为20wt％时常温耐压强度达最大值,物相组成由“刚玉+镁铝尖晶石”变为“镁铝尖晶石”再变为“镁铝尖晶石+方镁石”;提高烧成温度能明显促进试样烧结,延长保温时间可提高试样常温耐压强度.     

烧结法合成镁铁铝复合尖晶石

以氢氧化铁、活性氧化铝和轻烧镁粉为原料,外加3％石墨,按质量比37:36:27进行配料,制得φ20 mm×10 mm的试样,经1550℃保温3 h和6 h高温烧成.采用XRD、SEM和EDS等手段对烧后试样的物相组成和显微结构进行表征.结果表明:经过XRD物相分析,保温3 h的试样中物相组成为镁铁铝复合尖晶石相、刚玉相和铁铝尖晶石相三相;保温6 h的试样中存在两种矿物相Mg8.13 Al14.75 Fe1.13O32和Al15.44 Fe6.16 Mg2.32O32;XRD精修处理后,保温6 h的试样中两种镁铁铝复合尖晶石的结构分别为(Mg0.23 Fe2+0.54 Fe3+0.06 Al0.17)Ⅳ(Mg0.03 Fe2+0.065 Fe3+0.02 Al0.88)ⅥO4.000和(Mg0.708Fe0.056Al0.237)Ⅳ(Mg0.154Fe0.0425Al0.8035)ⅥO4.000;通过SEM和EDS微观结构分析,保温3 h的试样由深灰色的FeO·Al2O3和浅灰色的镁铁铝复合尖晶石两种物质组成;保温6 h的试样中FeO·Al2O3和MgO·Al2O3互相扩散,生成两种镁铁铝复合尖晶石,一种呈灰色Mg含量低、Fe含量高,另一种呈亮白色Mg含量高、Fe含量低.     

Al_4SiC_4的制备及其对镁碳砖抗氧化性能的影响

镁碳砖中碳的氧化是影响其使用寿命的主要原因。利用真空烧结制备的Al4SiC4粉体作为抗氧化剂提高镁碳砖的抗氧化性。加入Al4SiC43%~5%时,碳损失量降低50%~60%(1500℃,6h)。Al4SiC4能还原被氧化的碳,同时将自身的碳作为游离碳加入到镁碳砖中补充碳源。Al4SiC4分解生成的Al2O3、SiC与MgO反应最终生成镁铝尖晶石和镁橄榄石在砖体表面形成保护层防止进一步氧化。     

MgO-MgAl2O4复合材料的制备及在耐火材料中的应用

采用烧结海水镁砂和α-Al2O4为原料，以固相反应法制备富镁尖晶石。原料Al2O，和MgO分别按比例进行混合配料。煅烧生成的镁铝尖晶石晶种量随MgO含量和温度的变化而变化，其变化范围为5％～50％。等量配比的试样，经1000℃煅烧2h，随后于1600℃烧结4h，可观察到煅烧粉末中尖晶石相占70％。初期煅烧温度和原生的尖晶石量对烧结试样的致密性和显微结构有着重要影响。探讨了尖晶石含量与结晶化效应和显微结构的关系。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。