基于热固双向耦合模型的二次再热超超临界汽轮机超高压转子热应力研究

为准确预估二次再热汽轮机转子在启动、停机过程中的热应力,推导了轴对称结构热固双向耦合计算模型。采用热固单、双向耦合模型和有限元法,计算了二次再热超超临界660 MW汽轮机超高压转子在冷态启动过程中的瞬态温度场和热应力场,对启动曲线进行了优化。研究表明,在冷态启动时双向耦合模型最大热应力值比单向模型计算值小4%,热冲击越大,两者计算值相差也越大,热固双向耦合模型比单向模型计算精度高,但计算时间长。采用优化后的启动曲线,转子最大热应力比原最大值降低了27%,实际机组运行也表明采用优化启动曲线,机组运转良好。     

转子物性对超临界汽轮机启动热应力的影响

汽轮机转子材料多采用30CrMoV低碳合金钢,其物性参数随温度变化显著.所建转子热应力计算模型,考虑了转子材料物性随温度变化的影响.通过仿真试验,分析了国产某600MW超临界汽轮机冷态、温态、热态和极热态4种启动工况下转子热应力的变化趋势,并与常物性转子热应力模型的计算结果进行了比较.结果表明:转子材料物性参数随温度的变化显著影响其启动热应力的大小,为提高汽轮机转子热应力在线监测模型的计算精度提供有益参考.     

基于有限元分析的汽轮机转子低周疲劳损耗研究

采用有限元法建立了基于某电厂汽轮机转子温度场和热应力场的数学模型。在对汽轮机的冷态启动、温态启动、热态启动以及滑参数停机4个工况下的瞬态温度场以及热应力场进行模拟分析基础上,确定转子最大热应力点作为监测点,对监测部位的温度与热应力进行了疲劳损耗仿真计算。根据最小二乘法获得转子钢材料的疲劳特性曲线,利用MATLAB进行多项式拟合,获得转子应变与疲劳寿命损耗的函数关系式,求得汽轮机转子启停下的低周疲劳寿命。研究结果表明:该机组累积十年运行条件下形成的疲劳损耗为2. 506%。机组冷态启动过程中,转子承受最大温差与热应力,最大热应力值445 MPa;当温升率由3℃/min提高到4℃/min时,转子的低周疲劳寿命损耗由0. 040%上升到0. 103%,寿命损耗明显增大。     

汽机调节阀阀体三维瞬态温度场及应力场分析

提出阀门阀体有限元建模的有效方法,采用结构分析有限元方法,对国产125MW汽轮机主蒸汽调节阀阀体冷态,温态,热态启停工况的温度场,热应力场,机械应力场,综合应力场进行了分析计算,得出了关键点在冷态启停工况详细的温度场及其对应的热应力场的变化规律,并给出了阀体在机组温态,热态启停工况下的应力场的计算结果,估算了各态启动的阀体寿命损耗。     

基于径向基函数神经网络的汽轮机转子等效应力计算模型

为解决汽轮机转子应力的在线监测问题,建立了基于径向基函数(RBF)神经网络的汽轮机转子等效应力计算模型,对比了用有限元和RBF神经网络模型两种方法计算得出的冷态、温态、热态和极热态4种启动工况下转子调节级叶轮根部圆角处的等效应力.计算结果表明:RBF神经网络模型计算结果与有限元法解的结果非常相近,且计算简便、耗时少,可以应用于汽轮机转子等效应力的在线计算,为汽轮机转子寿命在线管理提供依据.     

燃气-蒸汽联合循环汽轮机快速启动的研究

为解决某燃气-蒸汽联合循环电厂调峰用汽轮机停机一夜后温态方式启动耗时很长的问题,对汽轮机转子进行合理的假设和简化后,建立了转子二维轴对称有限元模型,计算出各级不同部位的蒸汽温度、压力及传热系数,采用热-结构间接耦合法对不同启动方式时转子的热应力进行了计算.结果表明：在汽轮机转子调节级金属温度为350℃时将启动方式调整为热态启动,汽轮机采用优化后启动曲线的最大热应力在材料强度的允许范围内,满足电厂寿命损耗要求,且这样每次启动可缩短100 min,为电厂增加了经济效益.     

燃气轮机温度匹配功能在热应力控制的汽轮机应用

在燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组中,燃气轮机在不同工况下的排烟温度不同,使得整个燃气轮机联合循环 机组启动过程主蒸汽温度波动频繁,从而引起汽轮机启动过程中各金属部件温差增大,热应力和热变形也随 着增加。GE公司的6503燃气轮机的温度匹配功能和汽轮机热应力计算监控模块相结合,可以通过实时控 制主蒸汽温度实现对汽轮机转子热应力的有效监视和控制,减少设备损坏。     

基于惯性环节的汽轮机转子温度计算方法

介绍了基于一阶惯性环节的高压转子温度场的计算原理和方法,推导了在控制系统中使用的简化迭代计算公式.针对1 000 MW超超临界汽轮机,利用有限元法对其温度场进行了计算,验证了在热应力监控中使用高压内缸内壁温度等效代替高压转子外表面温度的合理性.采用一阶惯性环节法、差分法和有限元法等3种方法,对汽轮机高压转子冷态启动、温态启动、热态启动、极热态启动和滑参数停机过程的体积平均温度和转子中心温度进行了计算,并对比分析了3种方法的转子表面温差和转子中心温差的计算精度.结果表明:一阶惯性环节法的计算精度高且方便易用,可作为一种监控汽轮机转子温度场的有效方法.     

超临界汽轮机红套环高压内缸开裂的强度有限元分析及运行对策

介绍了某型号超临界汽轮机红套环高压内缸强度有限元分析方法,对红套环高压内缸额定负荷稳态工况以及冷态启动、温态启动、热态启动和极热态启动等瞬态工况进行了强度计算与分析,得出了红套环高压内缸额定负荷稳态工况和瞬态工况下的温度场分布和最大应力比,并提出了该汽轮机的优化运行措施.结果表明:红套环高压内缸开裂部位瞬态工况下的应力过大是产生裂纹的主要原因之一;推荐的优化运行措施包括该汽轮机应多带基本负荷,减少机组启停次数,降低启动过程中负荷在29%~56%内主蒸汽的升温率,特别应降低负荷在53%~56%内主蒸汽的升温率.     

半转速三代核电汽轮机高压转子裂纹萌生寿命计算分析

主要进行了半转速三代核电汽轮机高压转子裂纹萌生寿命的计算,采用ansys对转子模型进行分析,计算了稳态运行、冷态启动、温态启动、热态启动等各工况时的温度场及应力场计算结果。通过低周疲劳裂纹萌生寿命的计算方法计算了薄弱处各点的寿命,通过与电厂要求的指标值进行对比,验证了半转速三代核电汽轮机高压转子的裂纹萌生寿命能够满足电厂的运行要求。     

D.C. scanning thermal microscopy: Characterisation and interpretation of the measurement

The used Scanning Thermal Microscopy (SThM) probe is a thin Pt resistance wire acting as a heat source and as a detector simultaneously. Its energetic balance is investigated by the study of the temperature profile along the probe. A theoretical approach of the measurement, based on this investigation, is then proposed. Simulations with this modelling are shown to predict how the heat, electrically produced in the probe, is dissipated in the probe-sample system. In particular, it is shown that the steady-state of conduction losses to the thermal element support varies versus the thermal conductivity of the sample and can lead to bad interpretations of the measurement.     

Ground water level influence on thermal response test in Adana,Turkey

For optimum design of borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) and ground sources heat pump (GSHP) applications, determination of underground thermal properties is required. The design and economic feasibility (number and depth of boreholes) of these systems need thermal conductivity of geological structure, λ (W m^?1 K^?1), and thermal resistance of ground heat exchanger, R (K W^?1 m). Thermal properties measured in laboratory experiments do not coincide with data of in situ conditions. Therefore, in situ thermal response test equipment has been developed and used in Canada, England, Germany, Norway, U.K., U.S.A. and Sweden to ensure precise designing of BTES systems. This paper describes the results and evaluations of the Adana continual thermal response test measurements. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

活塞热疲劳分析

用Pro/E建立活塞几何模型,在ANSYS单元库里选取热结构耦合单元,对模型网格进行优化,并对活塞温度场进行标定,然后进行热机耦合分析计算,得到活塞温度场、热应力场和变形。计算结果表明,在低频热疲劳下,活塞循环次数最少约是1 120 000次,这为活塞的结构改进和优化提供了依据。     

非共晶相变材料应用于太阳能吸热蓄热器的数值分析

通过计算分析发现对于目前的吸热蓄热器结构，采用相变发生在一个温度区间的非共晶熔盐混合物作为相变材料可以较好的提高吸热蓄热器的整体性能。主要表现在明显地提高相变材料的利用率、减小换热管工质出口温度波动、减小容器表面最大温度及容器表面温度变化，经过合理的设计还可以减小整体系统的质量。分析结果可以作为吸热器设计的参考。     

A model of the thermal transient state of a wall of a room during the heating by a heating system

After turning on a room heating system (e.g. central heating) a thermal transient phenomenon takes place on the wall–room system, until it reaches a final thermal equilibrium state. The temperature profiles on the wall cross‐section, starting from an initial profile, corresponding to the initial thermal equilibrium state, come gradually through successive intermediate temperature profiles, to a final temperature profile corresponding to the final thermal equilibrium state. These intermediate, nonlinear and time‐dependent temperature profiles characterize the wall thermal transient state and describe the dynamic thermal behaviour of the wall–room system. The mass of the air in the room is negligible, compared to the mass of the surrounding walls, so the dynamic behaviour of the room–wall system is imposed by the corresponding thermal dynamic behaviour of the walls. The influence of this thermal transient state is important for the room heating behaviour because it acts as a thermal flywheel attenuating and smoothing the room temperature variations. In the present work, using the integral method, analytical expressions yielding the temperature profiles, and the duration of the transient state as a function of thermal and structural characteristics have been developed. Conclusions were drawn on the dynamic thermal behaviour of the room–wall system. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A review on thermal management techniques for lithium-ion battery

随着新能源汽车的广泛使用,动力锂离子电池的热安全性问题日益突出。本文以Bernardi生热机理为基础,耦合不同物理量,分别从电化学-热耦合模型、电-热耦合模型和热滥用模型来介绍单体电池的热特性。由于电池能量密度的增加与行驶工况复杂程度的提高,动力锂离子电池容易发生热量堆积,甚至造成热失控,对此,文中梳理了商用动力电池包的常用冷却方式。最后,根据对影响电池模组安全性的热失控蔓延机理及实测结果,介绍了阻断单体及基本模块热失控传播的有效方法。     

A mobile thermal battery resembling a solar receiver: Innovative design and performance assessment

An innovative design of a mobile thermal battery resembling the solar receiver is presented. A ternary salt mixture consisting of 52% KNO₃, 18% NaNO₃, and 30% LiNO₃ by wt% is used as the thermal energy storing medium inside the thermal battery. Since the thermal conductivity of the ternary salt mixture is low, aluminum meshes are introduced to create a thermal conduction tree inside the thermal energy storing medium. The actual field data are used in the simulations to resemble the solar irradiation emanating from the parabolic trough and focusing onto the thermal battery outer surface. To improve the uniform heating at the outer surface, the thermal battery rotation along the centerline of the trough is considered. The temperature parameter is introduced to assess the uniform‐like temperature distribution inside the ternary salt mixture. It is found that the use of aluminum meshes improves the heat diffusion in the phase change material of the ternary salt mixture; in which case, it acts like a thermal conduction tree inside the thermal battery. The rotation of the thermal battery results in uniform‐like temperature distribution across the thermal battery cross section and suppresses the excessive temperature rise because of the local heating in the close region of the thermal battery outer surface.     

A model study for cyclic thermal loading and thermal performance of a thermoelectric generator

Thermal cyclic loading influences the life cycle of the thermoelectric device pins because of the thermal stress developed in the pins. Although thermal efficiency improves for different geometric configurations of the device pins, development of thermal stresses limit the selection of pin geometry in practical applications, particularly under cyclic thermal loading. Consequently, in the present study, thermal stress analysis of thermoelectric pins under cyclic thermal loading is carried out. The influence of thermoelectric pin geometry on the stress levels is examined when the device is subjected to the thermal cyclic loading. The predictions of thermal stress distribution are validated with the data presented in the open literature. It is found that pin geometric configuration has a significant effect on the stress levels developed in the pin when subjected to cyclic thermal loading. The pin configuration R_A = 1 (parallel pins) results in the minimum value of the maximum von Mises stress in the pins as compared to that corresponding to other configurations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

THERMAL RELAXATION TIMES EFFECT ON RAYLEIGH WAVES IN GENERALIZED THERMOELASTIC MEDIA

Rayleigh waves in a half-space exhibiting generalized thermoelastic properties based on Green-Lindsay (G-L), Lord-Shulman (L-S), and classical dynamical coupled (C-D) theories are discussed. The phase velocity of Rayleigh waves in the previous three different theories has been obtained. A comparison is carried out between the phase velocities of Rayleigh waves, displacements, stresses, and temperature as calculated from the different theories of generalized thermoelasticity. The C-D theory is recovered as a special case. It appears, in particular, that the results obtained from G-L theory tend to those of L-S theory as the values of the two relaxation times become closer to each other. The second relaxation time is well pronounced when it becomes larger than the first one. Furthermore, it is found that the thermal relaxation times decrease the speed of the elastic waves and modify the phase velocities of the Rayleigh waves. The results obtained and the conclusions drawn are discussed numerically and illustrated graphically. Relevant results of previous investigations are deduced as special cases.     

地源热泵岩土热物性测试简介与分析

地源热泵系统作为利用可再生能源的暖通空调技术,具有节能、环保等优点,在世界范围内被广泛使用。土壤作为地源热泵系统的冷热源,对整个系统有着至关重要的影响。不同建筑负荷特性要求系统对土壤的取放热量不同,二者的不平衡会使土壤的温度发生变化,影响整个系统的运行。对特定建筑地源热泵系统土壤的热物性测试是设计地埋管系统的重要依据。本文对热物性测试的理论依据进行了简单介绍,并对具体事例进行了分析计算,得出岩土体的导热系数等具体热物性参数,为地源热泵系统的精确设计提供了依据。