多巴胺D2受体三维结构预测及与激动剂配体相互作用的研究

以细菌视紫红质(bacteriorhodopsin)的三维晶体结构为模板,预测了多巴胺D2受体跨膜区的7个α螺旋肽段的三维结构。根据定点突变实验数据以及预测的受体三维结构,确定了激动剂配体结合腔由Asp86,Ser141,Ser144等12个氨基酸残基组成。为了校正和检验所得的模型,分别以一组刚性、一组柔性的激动剂与受体对接(DOCK),分析-logIC₅₀和结合能Eb相关性,较好的结果说明该模型是可靠的。     

Modeling of Dopamine D2 Receptor and its Agonist DOCK Analyses

以细菌视紫红质（ｂａｃｔｅｒｉｏｒｈｏｄｏｐｓｉｎ）的三维晶体结构为模板，预测了多巴胺Ｄ２受体跨膜区的七个α螺旋肽段的三维结构。根据定点突变实验数据以及预测的受体三维结构，确定了激动剂配体结合腔由Ａｓｐ８６，Ｓｅｒ１４１，Ｓｅｒ１４４等十二个氨基酸残基组成。为了校正和检验所得的模型，分别以一组刚性、一组柔性的激动剂与受体对接（ＤＯＣＫ），分析ｌｏｇＩＣ５０和结合能Ｅｂ相关性，较好的结果说明该模型是可靠的     

Molecular modeling on kappa opioid receptor and its interaction with nonpeptide kappa opioid agonists 1

目的：研究κ阿片受体及其与非肽类激动剂的作用机制．方法：以细菌视紫红质为模板,模建κ阿片受体七个跨膜区的三维结构;将五个高活性非肽类激动剂对接到螺旋区内,研究作用机制．结果：（１）四氢吡咯环氮原子与Ａｓｐ１３８羧基成氢键;（２）乙酰胺羰基氧与受体Ｓｅｒ１８７间存在氢键作用;（３）与乙酰胺相连的疏水基团处于由Ｖａｌ２３９、Ｖａｌ２３６、Ｐｈｅ２３５、Ｖａｌ２３２、Ｌｅｕ１８６和Ｔｒｐ１８３构成的疏水区域内;（４）激动剂的四氢吡咯环为Ｉｌｅ２９０、Ａｓｐ１３８、Ｉｌｅ１９４、Ｉｌｅ１３５和Ｃｙｓ１３１残基包围．结论：模型将有助于设计新型高效安全的κ阿片受体激动剂．     

κ阿片受体分子模拟及其与非肽类κ阿片激动剂的作用

目的：研究了κ阿片受体及其与非肽类激动剂的作用机制。方法;以细菌视紫红质为模板,模建κ阿片受体七个跨膜区的三维结构,将五个高活性非肽类激动剂对接以螺旋区内,研究作用机制。结果：（１）四氢吡咯环氮原子与Ａｓｐ１３８羧基成氢键;（２）乙酰胺羰基氧与受体Ｓｅｒ１８７间存在在氢键作用;（３）与乙酰胺相连的疏水基团处于由Ｖａｌ２３９,Ｖａｌ１２３６,Ｐｈｅ２３５,Ｖａｌ２３２,Ｌｅｕ１８６和Ｔｒｐ１８３构成     

维甲类化合物的构效关系研究维甲类与受体结合作用的三维构效关系

准确地预测配体－受体的结合常数是基于受体结构设计（structure-based design）的一个重要方面。目前的全新设计（de novo design）或3D数据库搜寻的方法大都侧重于结构的生成而对结构的定量评价有所忽视，本文以附睾维甲酸结合蛋白（ERABP）为模板，用DOCK程序研究了一组维甲类化合物与受体的相互作用，得到一个预测受体结合常数的方程。另外，对DOCK后的分子构象进行了CoMFA分析，得到这类化合物的作用模型。     

维A类化合物的构效关系研究.I.维A类与受体结合作用的三维构效关系

准确地预测配体受体的结合常数是基于受体结构设计（ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｂａｓｅｄｄｅｓｉｇｎ）的一个重要方面。目前几乎所有的全新设计（ｄｅｎｏｖｏｄｅｓｉｇｎ）或３Ｄ数据库搜寻的方法都侧重于结构的生成而忽视了对结构的定量评价。本文以副睾维Ａ酸结合蛋白（ＥＲＡＢＰ）为模板，用ＤＯＣＫ程序研究了一组维Ａ类化合物与受体的相互作用，得到一个预测受体结合常数的方程。另外，对ＤＯＣＫ后的分子构象进行了ＣｏＭＦＡ分析，得到这类化合物的作用模型。     

μ阿片受体及受体—配基相互作用的分子模拟

目的：构建μ阿片受体（μＯＲ）的三维结构模型并研究它与芬太尼衍生物的相互作用。方法：以细菌视紫红南为模板，模拟μＯＲ的三维结构。然后蒋芬太尼衍生物对接到μＯＲ的七个α螺旋束之内，并计算结合能，结果：（１）得以受体－配基作用模型．（２）模型中，基本结合位点可能是Ａｓｐ１７和Ｈｉｓ２９７，Ａｓｐ１４７与配基的正电性能铵基形成强的静电和氢键相互作用，这种作用在Ｈｉｓ２９７和配基的羰基Ｏ原子之间较弱，（３     

Molecular modeling of μ opioid receptor and receptor-ligand interaction

目的：构建μ阿片受体（μＯＲ）的三维结构模型并研究它与芬太尼衍生物的相互作用．方法：以细菌视紫红质为模板，模拟μＯＲ的三维结构；然后，将芬太尼衍生物对接到μＯＲ的七个α螺旋束之内，并计算结合能．结果：（１）得到受体－配基作用模型．（２）模型中，基本结合位点可能是Ａｓｐ１４７和Ｈｉｓ２９７．Ａｓｐ１４７与配基的正电性铵基形成强的静电和氢键相互作用，这种作用在Ｈｉｓ２９７和配基的羰基Ｏ原子之间较弱．受体、配基间还存在某些π－π相互作用．（３）受体配基结合能与芬太尼衍生物的镇痛活性间有良好的相关性．结论：模型有助于理解受体配基的相互作用和设计新的阿片μ选择性配基．     

联合吸入糖皮质激素支气管扩张剂治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病临床观察

CALVERLEY等研究发现，对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）稳定期患者联合吸入糖皮质激素（ICS）和长效β2-受体激动剂（LABA），疗效明显优于安慰剂组、单用ICS组或单用LABA组。本研究观察COPD稳定期患者联合吸入长效β2-受体激动剂沙美特罗（SM）和糖皮质激素氟替卡松（FP）治疗1年的疗效和安全性。报告如下：     

阿片类药物可升高人体血浆儿茶酚胺浓度

动物实验表明，具有中枢作用的阿片和阿片肽类可使儿茶酚胺血浆浓度增加，这种效应反映了交感神经输出的中枢激动作用。本实验证明了p阿片受体激动剂对人儿茶酚胺血浆浓度的升高作用；评价了高效v受体激动剂芬太尼的剂量增加对健康男性体内去甲肾上腺素（NE）和肾上腺素血浆浓度的效应；此外，比较了芬太尼和等效镇痛剂量的吗啡（低选择性p阿片受体激动剂）以及纳布啡（K激动剂／p桔抗剂），以了解更多的关于人体中这些阿片效应所涉及的阿片受体亚型的信息。此实验要在禁食一夜后，于基础代谢的条件下进行。在用药前、后不同时间点收集血…     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.