基于二维阈值SL0范数算法的压缩感知ISAR成像

在对非合作目标的逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)成像中,快速成像甚至实时成像具有非同寻常的意义。平滑l₀范数(SL0)算法是一种计算快速的压缩感知类参数重构算法,在ISAR成像中得到关注和应用。常规SL0算法在迭代过程中,无论参数重构的收敛效果如何,每轮内循环的迭代次数都是固定的预设次数,导致多次内循环无效进行。文中针对常规SL0算法迭代收敛机制僵化的问题,提出一种二维阈值平滑l₀范数(2D T-SL0)快速算法,用于ISAR成像中的强散射点提取。该算法引入迭代效率指标来评定内循环的有效性。在内循环的迭代过程中,若其迭代效率指标高于设定阈值,说明参数估计值能得到优化,该轮内循环继续进行;反之说明参数估计值已接近收敛,则终止该轮内循环,进入下一轮内循环。ISAR成像实验结果表明,相比常规SL0算法,2D T-SL0算法能减少很多无效迭代,明显降低运算量。在成像效果方面,2D T-SL0算法与常规SL0算法相当,明显好于传统的距离-多普勒(R-D)算法和旋转不变参数估计(ESPRIT)算法。     

基于线性Bregman迭代类的多量测向量ISAR成像算法研究

为实现目标回波数据稀疏时的快速稳健ISAR成像,该文在构建多量测向量ISAR回波模型的基础上,利用压缩感知(Compressive Sensing, CS)中的线性Bregman迭代理论,研究了基于线性Bregman迭代类的多量测向量快速ISAR成像算法。该类成像算法共包括4种算法,首先给出此类算法的整体迭代构架、应用条件以及4种方法之间的联系;其次对此类算法的重构性能、收敛性、抗噪性以及正则化参数选择等方面进行全面的比较分析;最后基于实测数据进行ISAR成像,实验结果表明,与传统单量测向量ISAR成像算法相比,该文算法在低信噪比条件下可在更短的成像时间内获得更高的成像质量。      

基于CV-FISTA网络的稀疏孔径ISAR成像方法

逆合成孔径雷达(inverse synthetic aperture radar,ISAR)在雷达目标识别、空间监视和弹道导弹防御等领域发挥着重要作用。针对传统稀疏孔径ISAR成像算法对参数敏感和收敛速度慢的问题,提出一种基于复值快速迭代收缩阈值算法网络的稀疏孔径ISAR成像恢复方法。将加速近端梯度方法引入稀疏重构算法中,并将其迭代步骤构建为深度展开网络的隐藏层,构建初始参数相同的随机散射点和飞机散射点的数据集,将复值一维距离像作为网络的输入,利用ISAR像对应的标签对网络进行训练和验证。该方法直接处理复数数据替代传统的分实虚部两路计算方法,显著减少了计算负担。仿真实验表明,相较于传统模型驱动算法,通过对网络进行训练避免了手动调参过程,收敛速度更快,成像质量更高,而且对于特征差异较大的数据具有更好的泛化能力。     

基于衰减正则化项的I-ELM智能制造动态调度

增量型极限学习机（Incrementa线性逼近能力,但原模型存在输出权重分布不均匀影响模型泛化能力的问题。本文提出了基于衰减正则化项的增量型极限学习机（ARI-ELM）,通过在输出权值迭代求解过程中加入衰减正则化项,减小迭代前期隐节点的输出权值,并保证迭代多次后的新增节点不受较大正则化系数的影响,使网络整体的输出权值达到一个相对较小且分布均匀的状态,最终减小了模型的复杂度,从理论层面证明了加入衰减正则化项后模型仍然具有收敛性,并将该算法应用于具体的智能制造动态调度权重预测场景中,得到较好的效果。     

交替迭代最小化稀疏穿墙成像快速算法

针对墙后目标成像分辨率与成像速度不能同时有效满足的问题,提出一种参数交替迭代最小化框架的墙后隐藏目标稀疏成像快速算法。首先,该算法利用稀疏信号贝叶斯模型的最大后验估计准则得到包含参数与成像体散射系数矢量的目标函数,然后在优化最小化框架（MM）下求解出对应的最优化函数,最后利用目标函数对应的优化函数对成像体散射系数、噪声功率和超参数进行交替迭代求解。仿真和实验结果表明,该方法对墙后点目标以及扩展目标进行高质量成像,并且大大提高算法速度。     

基于Huber正则化二阶加速Richardson-Lucy湍流图像复原算法

为了快速准确地恢复湍流退化图像,提出了Huber正则化Richardson-Lucy(R-L)加速迭代盲反卷积(IBD)算法。根据图像滤波处理结果,采用Huber函数自适应地选择一阶范数和二阶范数正则化约束,增加算法收敛速度同时提高图像细节和边界复原质量。引入基于泰勒级数的二阶矢量外推加速方法,进一步增加迭代的收敛速度。实验结果表明,采用提议的算法需要的迭代次数较少,适用于实时性要求较高的场合,复原图像的主客观质量均有所提高。     

稳健收敛的时差频差定位技术

为实现对目标位置和速度的精确定位,该文提出一种基于正则化理论的时差频差定位技术。该算法首先利用最大似然方法确定目标函数,然后通过传统牛顿法对目标位置和速度进行迭代求解。众所周知传统牛顿法对初始值要求较高,较差初始值会导致Hess矩阵趋于病态,从而致使迭代发散,该文引入正则化理论修正Hess矩阵,使其更加合理,保证算法稳健收敛。实验结果表明:相对于传统牛顿法,该文算法在初始值的选取上具有稳健性,对误差选取较大的初始值,仍能够保证算法的收敛性;相对于现有闭合式定位方法,该文算法在噪声较大时具有较好的定位精度,定位精度接近于Cramer-Rao界,具有广泛的实用价值。     

基于块稀疏贝叶斯模型的ISAR成像方法

传统ISAR稀疏成像主要针对独立散射点散射系数的重构问题,然而实际情况下目标散射点之间并不是独立存在的,而是以区域或块的形式存在,在该情形下利用常用的稀疏重构算法并不能完全地刻画块状目标的真实结构,因此该文考虑采用块稀疏重构算法进行目标散射系数重建。基于块稀疏贝叶斯模型和变分推理的重构方法(VBGS),包含了稀疏贝叶斯学习(SBL)方法中参数学习的优点,其利用分层的先验分布来表征未知信号的稀疏块状信息,因而相对于现有的恢复算法能够更好地重建块稀疏信号。该方法基于变分贝叶斯推理原理,根据观测量能自动地估计信号未知参数,而无需人工参数设置。针对稀疏块状目标,该文结合压缩感知(CS)理论将VBGS方法用于ISAR成像,仿真实验成像结果表明该方法优于传统的成像结果,适合于具有块状结构的ISAR目标成像。     

基于散射点模型的ISAR干扰技术研究

针对弹载干扰装备干扰功率较小,难以对逆合成孔径雷达(Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar, ISAR)形成有效的干扰,文中分析了ISAR成像原理,针对ISAR成像过程中包络对齐这一环节,提出了一种基于散射点模型的压制性干扰信号,该信号可破坏ISAR成像过程中目标回波的包络对齐,进而形成多种干扰效果。该信号在进入ISAR后可获得较大的脉冲压缩增益,能以较小的干扰功率达到较好的干扰效果。理论分析与仿真实验验证了该种干扰信号对ISAR干扰的有效性。     

基于高斯包络线性调频基自适应分解的ISAR成像

基于高斯包络线性调频基的自适应信号分解算法具有较高的分辨率,当被分析信号(如机动目标ISAR雷达回波信号)可以由调频类信号建模时具有超强分辨能力。该文在高斯包络线性调频基的自适应信号分解算法基础上,提出了基于优化初值选择高斯包络线性调频基自适应信号分解算法,并将其应用到ISAR成像中。仿真结果表明,和传统时频分析方法相比,该算法具有更加优良的性能,对机动目标进行瞬时成像时成像质量得到了较大幅度的改善。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.     

Critical Stage Rule-Based Real Time Dispatch（RTD）System in Highly-Mixed-Products （HMP） FAB

An improving utilization and efficiency of critical equipments in semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities are concerned. Semiconductor manufacturing FAB is one of the most complicated and cost sensitive environments. A good dispatching tool will make big difference in equipment utilization and FAB output as a whole. The equipment in this paper is In-Line DUV Scanner. There are many factors impacting utilization and output on this equipment group. In HMP environment one of the issues is changing of reticule in this area and idle counts due to load unbalance between equipments. Here we'll introduce a rule-based RTD system which aiming at decreasing the number of recipe change and idle counts among a group of scanner equipment in a high-mixed-products FAB.