StreamQCTree:一种流数据方压缩结构

数据流管理系统计算聚集查询结果保存在内存中形成流数据方(StreamCube),提供快速、精确的在线OLAP查询。有限的内存空间需要一种有效的存储方法来存储更大时间窗口的流数据方。提出一种基于QC-Tree结构的流数据方StreamQCTree生成、裁剪及查询方法。将QC-Tree结构中上界集划分为基本上界类和附加上界类;并分析附加上界类的成本计算模型;根据该模型在固定存储空间下,采用动态选择物化结点的方案选择物化部分附加上界类,使对StreamQCTree的平均查询响应时间最小。实验表明,StreamQCTree能够有效地访问数据方且获得较好的压缩效果。     

用于数据仓储的一种改进的多维存储结构

对于数据仓库中数据的物理存储组织,目前主要有关系和多维数组两种方式.这两种方式各有自己的优缺点,从提高联机分析处理(online analytical processing,简称OLAP)查询处理性能的角度出发,多维数组方式相对较优,目的主要是解决数据仓库的多维存储结构问题.针对当前多维数组存储组织方式存在的一些问题,提出了Cube(立方体)逻辑存储和物理存储的概念,首先将原多维数据空间划分为逻辑子空间,逻辑块再划分为多个物理块.在物理存储时充分考虑了多维数组的大容量和高稀疏度的问题,并采用新的多维数组的分布和压缩方法.这些概念和方法有效地解决了维内部层次结构的聚集操作和Cube操作的效率问题,显著提高了涉及维内部层次的聚集查询的响应速度,同时还解决了增量维护的效率问题.     

一种增量更新FreeCube的方法

数据立方体是联机分析处理的一个重要应用。如何对数据立方体(CUBE)进行更新目前研究相对较少。给出了CUBE的一种新颖的存储结构——FreeCube的定义,该结构大大降低了CUBE存储的空间,分析了它的相关性质,提出了增量更新FreeCube的理论,并给出了具体的算法,以实例说明了该算法的正确性,总结了下一步的工作方向。     

一种基于维层次编码的OLAP聚集查询算法

联机分析处理(OLAP)查询往往需在海量数据上进行即席的复杂分组聚集查询，在其SQL语句中通常包含多表连接和分组聚集操作，因而减少多表连接和压缩关键字，以及对查询数据进行有效地分组聚集操作，成为ROLAP查询处理的关键问题。提出了一种基于维层次编码的新型预分组聚集算法DHEPGA．DHEPGA算法充分利用了编码长度较小的维层次编码及其前缀，来快速检索出与查询关键字相匹配的维层次编码，求得维层次属性的查询范围，减少了I／O开销，提高了OLAP查询效率。理论分析和实验结果表明，DHEPGA算法性能是非常有效的。     

基于层次有序维的分组聚集算法

在联机分析处理(OLAP)中,有效地维度模型对海量数据的即席复杂分组聚集查询起着关键的作用.在偏序和映射的基础上,通过定义层次有序维,提出一种基于层次有序维的分组聚集算法.该算法利用维属性之间的聚集关系,通过约束层次链中的元素次序,实现了分组聚集计算中多表连接转换为维范围的查询,提高了连接和聚集效率.最后,实验结果验证了该算法的有效性.     

数据仓库中的一种立方体数据模型

数据仓库和联机分析处理(OLAP)是商业数据处理领域中的两个最重大的新技术。OLAP应用要求对数据仓库中存储的大量数据进行分析,用标准关系数据库技术来实现非常复杂的查询是相当困难的。所以,在数据仓库中,数据被组织成立方体数据模型。该文提出了一种简单、直观的数据立方体模型以及在这个立方体上支持OLAP操作的代数。为复杂的查询提供了简要的表述方法。     

基于分组序号的聚集算法

联机分析处理OLAP(online analytical processing)查询作为一种复杂查询,当使用SQL(structured query language)语句来表述时,通常都包含多表连接和分组聚集操作,因此提高多表连接和分组聚集计算的性能就成为ROLAP(relational OLAP)查询处理的关键问题.提出一种基于分组序号的聚集算法MuGA(group number based aggregation with multi-table join),该方法充分考虑数据仓库星型模式的特点,将聚集操作和新的多表连接算法MJoin(multi-table join)相结合,使用分组序号进行分组聚集计算,代替通常的排序或者哈希计算,从而有效地减少CPU运算以及磁盘存取的开销.算法的实验数据表明,提出的MuGA算法与传统的关系数据库聚集查询处理方法以及改进后的基于排序的聚集算法相比,性能都有显著提高.     

HDC结构的数据更新算法实现

数据更新是数据仓库上支持联机分析处理的一种重要操作。增量更新是一种有效的数据更新方法。实现了二维层次式数据立方体(Cube)存储结构HDC的建立以及基于此结构的数据增量更新算法。     

一种改进的分组序号聚集算法

ROLAP是OLAP（联机分析处理）中使用最广泛的一种类型,其主要功能是管理决策所需要的总结数据。总结数据一般都涉及多表连接和分组聚集操作,提高这些操作的性能成为提高OLAP操作响应速度的关键。为此,提出一种基于分组序号的新聚集算法IMuGA。算法充分利用时间维表特殊性,通过对事实表关键字直接获得分组属性值,减少了多表连接中时间维度的连接次数,提高了联机分析处理查询效率。实验结果表明,该算法是有效的。     

基于Apriori算法和OLAP的关联规则挖掘模型设计

通过分析Apriori算法的特点，提出一种有针对性的联机分析处理（OLAP）关联规则挖掘模型。该模型在数据立方体维度和度量值设计上充分考虑了Apriori算法的特点，使数据立方体物化更多算法所需要的中间数据；同时适当改进算法使之适应所设计的数据立方体。研究表明，该设计方法在灵活性和效率方面都有较好的表现。     

Optimization in Data Cube System Design

The design of an OLAP system for supporting real-time queries is one of the major research issues. One approach is to use data cubes, which are materialized precomputed multidimensional views of data in a data warehouse. We can derive a set of data cubes to answer each frequently asked query directly. However, there are two practical problems: (1) the maintenance cost of the data cubes, and (2) the query cost to answer those queries. Maintaining a data cube requires disk storage and CPU computation, so the maintenance cost is related to the total size as well as the total number of data cubes materialized. In most cases, materializing all data cubes is impractical. The maintenance cost may be reduced by merging some data cubes. However, the resulting larger data cubes will increase the query cost of answering some queries. If the bounds on the maintenance cost and the query cost are too strict, we help the user decide which queries to be sacrificed and not taken into consideration. We have defined an optimization problem in data cube system design. Given a maintenance-cost bound, a query-cost bound and a set of frequently asked queries, it is necessary to determine a set of data cubes such that the system can answer a largest subset of the queries without violating the two bounds. This is an NP-hard problem. We propose approximate Greedy algorithms GR, 2GM and 2GMM, which are shown to be both effective and efficient by experiments done on a census data set and a forest-cover-type data set.     

A Genetic Selection Algorithm for OLAP Data Cubes

Multidimensional data analysis, as supported by OLAP (online analytical processing) systems, requires the computation of many aggregate functions over a large volume of historically collected data. To decrease the query time and to provide various viewpoints for the analysts, these data are usually organized as a multidimensional data model, called data cubes. Each cell in a data cube corresponds to a unique set of values for the different dimensions and contains the metric of interest. The data cube selection problem is, given the set of user queries and a storage space constraint, to select a set of materialized cubes from the data cubes to minimize the query cost and/or the maintenance cost. This problem is known to be an NP-hard problem. In this study, we examined the application of genetic algorithms to the cube selection problem. We proposed a greedy-repaired genetic algorithm, called the genetic greedy method. According to our experiments, the solution obtained by our genetic greedy method is superior to that found using the traditional greedy method. That is, within the same storage constraint, the solution can greatly reduce the amount of query cost as well as the cube maintenance cost.     

Partition-Based Online Aggregation with Shared Sampling in the Cloud

Online aggregation is an attractive sampling-based technology to response aggregation queries by an estimate to the final result, with the confidence interval becoming tighter over time. It has been built into a MapReduce-based cloud system for big data analytics, which allows users to monitor the query progress, and save money by killing the computation early once sufficient accuracy has been obtained. However, there are several limitations that restrict the performance of online aggregation generated from the gap between the current mechanism of MapHeduce paradigm and the requirements of online aggregation, such as： 1） the low sampling efficiency due to the lack of consideration of skewed data distribution for online aggregation in MapReduce, and 2） the large redundant I/O cost of online aggregation caused by the independent job execution mechanism of MapReduce. In this paper, we present OLACloud, a MapReduce-based cloud system to well support online aggregation for different data distributions and large-scale concurrent query processing. We propose a content-aware repartition method with a fair-allocation block placement strategy to increase the sampling efficiency and guarantee the storage and computation load balancing simultaneously. We also develop a shared sampling method to share the sampling opportunities among multiple queries to reduce redundant I/O cost. We also implement OLACloud in Hadoop, and conduct an extensive experimental study on the TPC-H benchmark for skewed data distribution. Our results demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of OLACloud.     

有效的近似数据方体维护算法

尽管利用预计算可以提高OLAP的查询效率,但是,由于存储空间的限制,预计算整个数据方体是不现实的.最近提出的综合数据方体通过将数据单元进行等价划分的方法解决了这个问题.然而,当数据源发生改变的时候,要对这样的数据方体进行维护是很困难的,即使只有一条元组发生了变化,所有的聚集值都必须重新计算,代价非常高.实际上,在有些应用环境中,人们更关注查询响应的速度,在查询结果的精度上可以放低一些要求.本文提出了如何对近似的综合数据方体进行增量维护的方法.实验证明,这些方法是非常有效的.     

数据方体系统设计中的优化问题

支持实时查询的联机分析处理系统的设计是当前一个很重要的研究问题。其中常用的方法是使用数据方体来实现。对于出现频率较高的查询,可以给出对应的数据方体集,使得每个查询都可以直接得到回答。但是在设计基于方体的系统时,需要考虑以下两个问题:(1)数据方体的维护成本,(2)回答频繁查询的响应时间。在用户给出了维护成本上限和响应时间上限后,需要对数据方体集进行优化,使得系统能够满足用户的要求,并回答尽可能多的查询。文章给出了数据方体系统设计优化问题的定义,这是一个NP完全问题,并提出了贪心删除和贪心合并的近似算法。实验表明了算法的有效性。     

Exploring spatial datasets with histograms

As online spatial datasets grow both in number and sophistication, it becomes increasingly difficult for users to decide whether a dataset is suitable for their tasks, especially when they do not have prior knowledge of the dataset. In this paper, we propose browsing as an effective and efficient way to explore the content of a spatial dataset. Browsing allows users to view the size of a result set before evaluating the query at the database, thereby avoiding zero-hit/mega-hit queries and saving time and resources. Although the underlying technique supporting browsing is similar to range query aggregation and selectivity estimation, spatial dataset browsing poses some unique challenges. In this paper, we identify a set of spatial relations that need to be supported in browsing applications, namely, the contains, contained and the overlap relations. We prove a lower bound on the storage required to answer queries about the contains relation accurately at a given resolution. We then present three storage-efficient approximation algorithms which we believe to be the first to estimate query results about these spatial relations. We evaluate these algorithms with both synthetic and real world datasets and show that they provide highly accurate estimates for datasets with various characteristics. Recommended by: Sunil Prabhakar Work supported by NSF grants IIS 02-23022 and CNF 04-23336. An earlier version of this paper appeared in the 17th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE 2001).     

基于Hadoop的封闭直方图立方

封闭数据立方是一种有效的无损压缩技术,它去掉了数据立方中的冗余信息,从而有效降低了数据立方的存储空间、加快了计算速度,而且几乎不影响查询性能.Hadoop的MapReduce并行计算模型为数据立方的计算提供了技术支持,Hadoop的分布式文件系统HDFS为数据立方的存储提供了保障.为了节省存储空间、加快查询速度,在传统数据立方的基础上提出封闭直方图立方,它在封闭数据立方的基础上通过编码技术进一步节省了存储空间,通过建立索引加快了查询速度.Hadoop并行计算平台不论从扩展性还是均衡性都为封闭直方图立方提供了保证.实验证明:封闭直方图立方对数据立方进行了有效压缩,具有较高的查询性能,根据Hadoop的特点通过增加节点个数明显加快了计算速度.     

Supporting historic queries in sensor networks with flash storage

Many recent sensor devices are being equipped with flash memories due to their unique advantages: non-volatile storage, small size, shock-resistance, fast read access and power efficiency. The ability of storing large amounts of data in sensor devices necessitates the need for efficient indexing structures to locate required information.The challenge with flash memories is that they are unsuitable for maintaining dynamic data structures because of their specific read, write and wear constraints; this combined with very limited data memory on sensor devices prohibits the direct application of most existing indexing methods.In this paper we propose a suite of index structures and algorithms which permit us to efficiently support several types of historical online queries on flash-equipped sensor devices: temporally constrained aggregate queries, historical online sampling queries and pattern matching queries. We have implemented our methods using nesC and have run extensive experiments in TOSSIM, the simulation environment of TinyOS. Our experimental evaluation using trace-driven real world data sets demonstrates the efficiency of our indexing algorithms.     

High Performance OLAP and Data Mining on Parallel Computers

On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) techniques are increasingly being used in decision support systems to provide analysis of data. Queries posed on such systems are quite complex and require different views of data. Analytical models need to capture the multidimensionality of the underlying data, a task for which multidimensional databases are well suited. Multidimensional OLAP systems store data in multidimensional arrays on which analytical operations are performed. Knowledge discovery and data mining requires complex operations on the underlying data which can be very expensive in terms of computation time. High performance parallel systems can reduce this analysis time. Precomputed aggregate calculations in a Data Cube can provide efficient query processing for OLAP applications. In this article, we present algorithms for construction of data cubes on distributed-memory parallel computers. Data is loaded from a relational database into a multidimensional array. We present two methods, sort-based and hash-based for loading the base cube and compare their performances. Data cubes are used to perform consolidation queries used in roll-up operations using dimension hierarchies. Finally, we show how data cubes are used for data mining using Attribute Focusing techniques. We present results for these on the IBM-SP2 parallel machine. Results show that our algorithms and techniques for OLAP and data mining on parallel systems are scalable to a large number of processors, providing a high performance platform for such applications.     

MC-OLA:基于马尔可夫链的多表连接在线聚集技术

多表连接查询是大数据分析领域重要的查询类型之一,然而连接查询的实现代价很高,从而影响了大数据分析结果的时效性。在线聚集能够在查询完成前反馈具有统计意义的估计结果,具有重要的意义。目前已有的多表连接在线聚集算法从各表进行统一随机采样,导致连接结果的产出率低,并且导致分组连接查询的估计准确率低。针对这一问题,提出了基于马尔可夫链的多表连接在线聚集技术,将多表连接的实现过程转换为马尔可夫链上的随机游走过程,确定好连接顺序后在游走起始层创建分层样本,并设计了相应的采样策略及结果估计方法。将所提出技术在在线化Hadoop平台上实现,实验结果证明所提出方案的响应时间优于已有算法,并且具有良好的扩展性。