一测多评法测定新疆桑枝中槲皮素、绿原酸和紫云英苷的含量

目的在HPLC的基础上,建立一测多评法(QAMS)同时测定新疆药桑枝中槲皮素、绿原酸和紫云英苷的含量。方法来自新疆10批不同产地的桑枝以甲醇提取,采用依利特-ODS色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为0.5%磷酸水溶液(A)-乙腈(B),流速:1.0 ml/min,检测波长:344 nm,进行HPLC分离分析。同时以槲皮素为内参物,建立其与绿原酸、紫云英苷的相对校正因子,并计算绿原酸和紫云英苷的量,实现一测多评法;同时采用外标法测定桑枝中3种成分的含量,比较计算值与实测值的差异,验证一测多评法的准确性。结果一测多评法的计算值与外标法实测值之间的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。10批不同产地的桑枝样品中槲皮素、绿原酸、紫云英苷的含量分别为4.554μg/ml~8.246μg/ml、18.83μg/ml~34.63μg/ml、202.6μg/ml~373.7μg/ml。结论一测多评法适用于新疆桑枝中槲皮素、绿原酸、紫云英苷的质量评价。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定保健食品中水飞蓟宾和五味子醇甲

目的建立保健食品中水飞蓟宾和五味子醇甲的高效液相色谱测定方法。方法样品经甲醇超声提取,被测物采用Poroshell 120 EC-C18(4.6 mm×100 mm,2.7μm)分离柱;流动相为甲醇-水,梯度洗脱,流速为0.7 ml/min;水飞蓟宾和五味子醇甲的紫外检测波长分别为287 nm和250 nm。根据保留时间定性,外标峰面积法定量。结果水飞蓟宾在0μg/ml~243.9μg/ml线性相关系数为0.999 7,方法检出限为1.82μg/ml,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.84%(n=6),样品的加标回收率为97.4%~102.1%;五味子醇甲在0μg/ml~43.3μg/ml线性相关系数为0.999 6,方法检出限为0.48μg/ml,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.56%(n=6),样品的加标回收率为97.4%~102.5%。结论该方法简单、快速、灵敏和准确,可用于保健食品中水飞蓟宾和五味子醇甲的测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定保健食品中阿魏酸含量的方法研究

目的:建立保健食品中阿魏酸的高效液相色谱测定方法。方法:采用WATERS Xterra RP18(4.6×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱分离;流动相为乙腈:0.5%冰醋酸=28:72(v/v);流速1.00 ml/min;2487紫外检测器322 nm测定。结果:阿魏酸在0.005μg/ml～80μg/ml时,浓度与峰面积呈良好的线形关系(r=0.9999),检出限为5.0μg/L,加标回收率在98.0%～100.8%之间,相对标准偏差RSD在1.10%～1.81%之间。结论:该方法简便、快速、准确,适用于保健食品中阿魏酸含量的测定。     

气相色谱-质谱法同时测定食物中毒样品中氟乙酰胺与毒鼠强

目的建立气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)同时测定食物中毒样品中氟乙酰胺与毒鼠强的方法。方法样品加入乙酰胺内标与适量氯化钠,用丙酮-乙酸乙酯(9∶1,V/V)混合溶液提取,采用GC-MS测定,氟乙酰胺采用内标法定量,毒鼠强用外标法定量。结果氟乙酰胺浓度在0.05μg/ml~10μg/ml时的相关系数为0.999 7,相对标准偏差为0.63%~1.52%(n=7),加标回收率为110%~122%(n=3),方法检出限为0.017 mg/kg;毒鼠强浓度在0.02μg/ml~10μg/ml时的相关系数为0.999 4,相对标准偏差为0.65%~3.02%(n=7),加标回收率为80.2%~104.0%(n=3),方法检出限为0.007 mg/kg。结论方法简便快速、准确度和灵敏度高,适用于食物中毒样品中氟乙酰胺与毒鼠强的测定。     

全自动固相萃取-HPLC法测定食品中合成色素的研究

目的探讨用全自动固相萃取-HPLC法检测食品中7种合成色素。方法样液在全自动固相萃取仪上,经PA(聚酰胺粉1 g/6ml)或PWAX(弱阴离子150 mg/6ml)SPE小柱净化,以甲醇和乙酸铵为流动相,在C18色谱柱上分离,梯度洗脱,紫外254 nm及可见625 nm波长检测,外标法定量。结果在0.2μg/ml~20μg/ml浓度范围内相关系数0.9994~0.9999,最低检出限0.005μg/ml~0.01μg/ml。PA(聚酰胺粉1g/6ml)SPE小柱净化,回收率86.9%~104.5%、RSD为1.3%~7.5%。PWAX(弱阴离子150 mg/6ml)SPE小柱净化,回收率89.3%~103.6%、RSD为0.5%~4.7%。结论样品前处理使用自动化操作,色素吸附效果好、大大减少试剂用量、简单、方便,7种色素分离度好、回收率满意,适合大批量样品检测。     

二硫化碳溶剂解吸-气相色谱法同时测定工作场所空气中环己烷和环己酮

目的建立二硫化碳解吸-气相色谱法同时测定工作场所空气中环己烷和环己酮。方法样品经活性炭管采集、二硫化碳解吸,HP-5毛细管色谱柱分离,氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)检测,标准曲线法定量。结果环己烷、环己酮分别在1.80μg/ml~600μg/ml和4.20μg/ml~500μg/ml的浓度时与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r≥0.999 7),方法检出限分别为0.62μg/ml和0.40μg/ml,最低检出浓度分别为0.41 mg/m3和0.27 mg/m~3(以采集1.5 L空气样品计),回收率为92.4%~108%,RSD≤1.9%,解吸效率分别为93.3%和75.7%。结论方法的线性范围宽,重现性好,准确度高,适用于工作场所空气中环己烷和环己酮的同时测定。     

超高效液相色谱法测定水中的2,4-二氨基甲苯和2,6-二氨基甲苯

目的建立水中2,4-二氨基甲苯、2,6-二氨基甲苯的超高效液相色谱(UPLC)测定法。方法水样直接过滤或稀释后,用Agilent RRHD SB-C18(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm)超高效液相色谱柱,二极管阵列检测器,以甲醇-0.020 mol/L乙酸铵溶液为流动相,检测波长为210 nm,参比波长为360 nm进样,测定二氨基甲苯的含量。结果 2,6-二氨基甲苯和2,4-二氨基甲苯在0μg/ml~10.0μg/ml时,线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),方法检出限分别为0.010μg/ml和0.015μg/ml。水中2,6-二氨基甲苯的测定值为为0.20μg/ml~5.00μg/ml,RSD为0.29%~1.6%;2,4-二氨基甲苯的测定值0.20μg/ml~5.00μg/ml,RSD为1.5%~3.1%;样品加标量为0.50μg/ml~5.00μg/ml,回收率为94.0%~105%。结论采用超高效液相色谱法测定水中2,6-二氨基甲苯、2,4-二氨基甲苯的含量,简便、快速、经济、环保、灵敏、精密、准确,适合基层检测单位推广和使用。     

TSK凝胶色谱系统测定头孢呋辛酯片的高分子聚合物

目的建立TSK凝胶色谱系统测定头孢呋辛酯片中高分子聚合物的方法。方法采用HPLC法,色谱柱为TSK-gel G2000 SWXL(7.8 mm×300 mm),以水-甲醇(10∶90,V/V)为流动相,流速为0.5 ml/min,检测波长为278 nm,进样体积为20μl。结果高分子聚合物峰与头孢呋辛酯峰能有效分离,辅料无干扰,头孢呋辛酯主成分的线性范围为10.44μg/ml~1 471.37μg/ml(r=0.999 8);供试品溶液的浓度为0.312 mg/ml~1.561 mg/ml时,与聚合物峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 8);检出限为3.13μg/ml,定量限为10.44μg/ml;方法的精密度良好(RSD=0.15%);样品测定的重复性(RSD=0.51%)与重现性较好(RSD=0);供试品溶液室温放置不稳定,故需临用新制,配制后低温放置。结论该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高、重现性好,克服了传统聚合物检测方法分析时间长,无法检测脂溶性样品的缺点。可用于头孢呋辛酯片及其他脂溶性抗生素中高分子聚合物的检测。     

二维液相色谱法测定保健食品中V_A、V_(D3)、V_E的含量

目的建立了二维液相色谱法测定保健食品中VA、VD3、VE含量的方法。方法采用甲醇与乙醇超声直接提取样品,以Eclipse Plus C18(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8μm)为一维色谱柱,流速为0.5 ml/min;以poroshell 120(4.6 mm×100 mm,2.7μm)为二维色谱柱,流速为1.0 ml/min;采用波长切换方式检测(VA:325 nm;VD3:264 nm;VE:296 nm),以乙腈-甲醇-水为流动相,梯度洗脱,柱温为35℃。结果维生素A在0.21μg/ml~8.38μg/ml、维生素D3在0.04μg/ml~1.73μg/ml、维生素E在2.05μg/ml~81.84μg/ml线性关系良好,相关系数r均为1.000 0,平均回收率为95.6%~102.7%。结论本方法快速、准确、重现性好,适用于保健食品复合维生素片或软胶囊中VA、VD3、VE的测定。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定佛手散醇提物中川芎嗪、阿魏酸的方法学建立

目的:建立佛手散乙醇提取物中的川芎嗪、阿魏酸方法学,为该方有效部位的药效学研究提供依据。方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定,川芎嗪及阿魏酸色谱条件分别为:甲醇-水-冰醋酸(35∶65∶0.5,v∶v∶v),柱温:25℃,检测波长:290 nm;甲醇-水-冰醋酸(27∶73∶0.5,v∶v∶v),柱温:30℃,检测波长:320 nm;计算两者方法回收率,考察精密度并进行重现性、稳定性实验。结果:川芎嗪在2μg/ml～64μg/ml线性范围内呈良好线性关系(r=0.9996),RSD为3.75%;阿魏酸在0.08μg/ml～2.56μg/ml线性范围内,线性范围内呈良好线性关系(r=0.9997),RSD为4.57%。结论:RP-HPLC对佛手散醇提物中川芎嗪、阿魏酸的测定专一性强,灵敏度高,样品较稳定,精密度和回收率好,操作简便易行,方法可靠。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.