适于窄缝流动沸腾传热的关系式

由于受窄缝间隙几何尺寸的限制，在加热的窄缝流道中沸腾气泡随着其长大和流动将受挤而变形，聚合，其表面张力的作用将大幅度改变，本文通过引入Bond无量纲数来考察窄缝流道的窄缝几何效应和气泡表面张力作用，修正了Chen沸腾传热关系式，并提出了相应的窄缝流动沸腾传热计算的关系式，通过与实验数据的验证比较，修正Chen沸腾传热关系式的计算结果与实验结果比较吻合，因此，该关系式能够用来预测在单面加热窄缝 道中的两相沸腾传热系数。     

在垂直环形窄缝流道中的沸腾传热特性研究

为了弄清在窄缝环形流道中气泡的形成、聚合和变形的特性 ,以及气泡在聚合变形之后对传热特性的影响 ,在常压下用蒸馏水对窄缝间隙为 0 75mm的垂直环形流道 ,进行了可视化的流动沸腾传热实验研究 ;实验段的有效加热长度为 90 0mm ,其加热方式为单面内侧加热 ,实验的流量变化范围为 1 667× 1 0 - 5m3/s至 5 833× 1 0 - 5m3/s。实验得到了在不同质量流密度和热流密度下窄缝流道中的沸腾传热系数随干度变化的分布。通过与常规流道中的沸腾传热系数的比较 ,得到了在窄缝环形流道中沸腾传热系数比常规流道中的沸腾传热系数约高 1 5 %的结论。另外通过用高速摄像机对可视化的垂直环形流道中的流型进行的拍摄研究 ,分清了存在在窄缝环形流道中的四种流型     

水平窄缝内多孔介质传热特性研究

对面朝下加热水平窄缝内多孔介质的传热特性进行了实验研究,得到了不同工况下的沸腾曲线.通过比较各工况下的沸腾曲线得出:多孔介质的存在大幅提高了面朝下加热水平窄缝内传热的换热系数,尤其是沸腾段的换热得到了很大程度的强化;提高窄缝宽度,选用热导率高的固体微粒制作多孔介质等可提高多孔介质的换热能力.根据多孔介质传热的机理,拟合出了面朝下加热水平窄缝内多孔介质的自然对流传热与核态沸腾传热关联式.     

两流体模型在环形窄缝内的应用研究

采用EPRI最新开发的Chexal-Harrison相壁相间摩擦模型和简化的相壁相间传热模型,构造了适用于环形窄缝内沸腾传热和流动的两流体模型,并编制了热工水力计算程序——THYME程序.与实验数据比较,分析了环形窄缝套管在不同负荷下Relap5/Mod3.2程序和本文程序的计算结果.计算结果表明,Relap5/Mod3.2低估了环形蒸发管的蒸汽温度,本文计算结果与实验数据较为一致.     

环形窄缝通道湍流流动换热特性分析

对双面加热环形窄缝通道内单相流动换热进行分析研究,提出了理论预测模型.基于该模型,对窄缝宽度分别为1.0、1.5、2.0 mm的环形通道单相湍流流动换热系数进行了理论计算,并与实验结果进行了对比,理论预测值与实验结果符合较好.研究表明:内外加热热流密度比对环形窄缝通道内的湍流流动换热过程有显著影响,在双面加热情况下,窄缝对流动换热过程强化与否,取决于内外管加热热流密度比及流动状态,即Re大小.     

在双面加热的窄缝环形流道中流动沸腾换热研究

在窄缝流道内发生沸腾换热现象时,由于沸腾产生的汽泡受窄缝流道的限制,受压变形而消除了汽泡表面张力对传热的影响。因此对此现象进行基础性理论研究具有很重要的意义。本文在常压下用蒸馏水对窄缝间隙为 0.75mm的垂直环形流道,进行了流动沸腾传热实验研究。实验段的有效加热长度为 900mm,其加热方式为内外侧双面加热,实验的流量变化范围在 1.67× 10－ 5～ 5.83× 10－ 5m3/s。通过实验得到了在不同质量流速和热流密度下双面加热的窄缝流道中内外侧沸腾换热系数随干度变化的分布和特点。研究结果表明,由于在窄缝流道中存在着大量的运动聚合受压变形汽泡,因此使内外侧沸腾换热系数都很高 (可达 105W· m－ 2· K－ 1以上 )。     

常压下窄缝池沸腾实验

介绍对竖直矩形窄通道进行的池沸腾实验研究。对四种不同的通道尺寸，分单面加热和双面加热共进行了８组实验工况。通过可视化观测和测量数据处理，得到如下结论：在窄缝中，汽泡生长受到空间尺寸限制，沸腾区压力有别于一般情况下的沸腾；矩形窄缝对沸腾有强化作用；双面加热情况下，过热度明显减小。     

环形窄缝通道内干涸后摩擦倍增因子的试验研究

在间隙为1.1和1.6mm的环形窄缝通道内，通过内外管双面通电加热流体，进行环形窄缝通道内的干涸后弥散流区压强的试验研究，通过试验得出环形窄缝通道内干涸后弥散流区全汽相摩擦倍增因子的计算式，该式能够较好地预测环形窄缝通道内干涸后弥散流区的两相摩擦压降。     

环形窄缝通道内流动不稳定性试验研究

设计了加热长度为1800mm，间隙尺寸为1．5mm的环形窄缝通道试验段；以去离子水为上质，进行了强迫循环下两相流动不稳定性试验研究。实验压力为1．5～3．0MPa，质量流量为3．0～25kg／h，加热功率为3．0～6．5kW，进口温度为20℃、40℃、60℃。实验发现，在一定加热功率和进口条件下，回路流量低于特定值，会发生不稳定现象。试验研究了进口过冷度、系统压力和质量流量等参数对不稳定性的影响，得到了环形窄缝通道内强迫循环下两相流动不稳定区间。     

窄间隙矩形通道间隙厚度对传热强化影响研究

根据窄间隙矩形通道的流道结构特点，参考圆管环状流临界热流密度（CHF）预测解析模型，得到了可以预测间隙厚度不小于0．5mm的窄间隙矩形通道内发生沸腾两相流环状流时的CHF解析模型。计算表明，当窄间隙矩形通道的进口截面宽度与间隙厚度比为25～85时，通道内的CHF值强化比较明显。根据汽-液两相介质的特点，推导出了在沸腾两相流系统中发生CHF时的传热强化判定准则。分析计算表明，这个判定准则是合理的，传热强化较好的进口截面宽度与间隙厚度比为45～75。综合两者的计算结果，窄间隙矩形通道内传热强化的参考进口截面宽度与间隙厚度比为45～75。     

Effects of annular crevices on pool boiling heat transfer

Effects of gap sizes (3.9–44.3 mm) of vertical annuli on nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of water at atmospheric pressure have been obtained experimentally. Through the tests, the conditions of tube bottom confinement (open or closed) have also been investigated and the whole results are compared with those of a single unconfined tube. According to the results, the annular condition gives much increase in heat transfer at moderate heat fluxes. The increase is much enhanced as the gap size decreases. At the same tube wall superheat (about 3.2 K) the heat flux of the least gap size is more than four times greater than that of the unconfined tube. Its effect is observed much greater for the bottom-closed tube condition. However, a deterioration of heat transfer occurs at high heat flux for confined boiling.     

双侧加热环形窄缝通道内单相水的流动传热特性研究

对环形窄缝通道内单相水在双面处于不同的加热热流密度情况下的对流换热特性进行了数值计算.计算结果表明,环形通道内、外壁加热热流密度比值的不同,对环形通道内、外壁与单相水的对流换热特性有着显著的影响.内、外壁面加热热流密度比值较小时,内壁的换热强于外壁的换热,随着内壁加热热流密度的增大,外壁的换热得到增强.但是,当内、外壁加热热流密度比值增加到一定程度时,外壁的对流换热特性将超过内壁的对流换热特性,与文献报道的实验结果一致.此外,环缝间隙的减小将导致环形通道的换热性能下降.     

Experiments on microgravity boiling heat transfer by using transparent heaters

To clarify the relation between the liquid–vapor behavior and the heat transfer characteristics in the boiling phenomena, the structures of transparent heaters were developed for both flow boiling and pool boiling experiments and were applied to the microgravity environment realized by the parabolic flight of aircraft. In the flow boiling experiment, a transparent heated tube makes the heating, the observation of liquid–vapor behavior and the measurement of heat transfer data simultaneously possible. The heat transfer coefficient in the annular flow regime at moderate quality has distinct dependence on gravity provided that the mass velocity is not so high, while no noticeable gravity effect is seen at high quality and in the bubbly flow regime. The measured gravity effect was directly related to the behavior of annular liquid film observed through the transparent tube wall. In the pool boiling experiment, a structure of transparent heating surface realizes both the observation of the macrolayer or microlayer behavior from underneath and the measurements of local surface temperatures and the layer thickness. It was clarified in the microgravity experiments that no vapor stem exists but tiny bubbles are observed in the macrolayer underneath a large coalesced bubble at high heat flux. The heat flux evaluated by the heat conduction across the layer assumes less than 30% of the total to be transferred. The evaporation of the microlayers underneath primary bubbles just after the generation dominates the heat transfer in the microgravity, not only in the isolated bubble region but also in the coalesced bubble region.     

非能动余热排出换热器池沸腾换热性能研究

以浸没在高位水箱中的竖直管束为研究对象,对不同热负荷条件下竖直管束的池沸腾换热特性进行研究,通过对比中心管与周围旁管外壁面过热度、凝液量的变化,分析了中心管与旁管换热特性的差异。实验结果表明,换热管束的换热能力明显优于单管,在相同热流密度条件下,管束沸腾换热系数可达到单管的1.2～1.5倍。与旁管相比,低热负荷条件下,中心管的换热能力优于旁管;高热负荷条件下,中心管的换热能力则不及旁管,在热流密度大于200 kW/m²时,旁管的沸腾换热系数相对于中心管提高了近7%,且从实验数据的变化趋势来看,旁管较中心管的沸腾换热能力有随热流密度增加而逐渐增大的趋势。     

复合换热管过冷沸腾换热实验与关联式评价

以去离子水为实验介质,在单面受热流密度条件下,开展了聚变装置偏滤器的过冷流动沸腾强化换热特性实验研究,将内肋强化换热技术与内插扭带结构相结合,利用两者的协同强化传热效应,设计出一种复合换热管。实验参数为：质量流速,992～4 960 kg/(m2·s);压力,04～2 MPa;入口过冷度,8701～11921 ℃;热流密度,1～163 MW/m2。对4种强化换热管（光管、内插扭带管、内螺纹肋管和复合换热管）的管内过冷流动沸腾换热特性和综合性能评价指标（PEC）进行了对比实验。结果表明：与其他3种管道相比,复合换热管的对流换热系数和PEC最高,传热特性最好。研究了复合换热管的扭带扰动比、螺距、压力和质量流速对管内两相流动对流换热系数的影响规律,发现对流换热系数与螺距、质量流速呈正比,与扭带扰动比、压力呈反比。最后对比了4个现有的过冷流动沸腾换热经验公式,并在无量纲模型基础上,增加了扰动比和螺径比（t/Dh）进行修正,利用非线性拟合方法提出了适合复合换热管过冷流动沸腾的努塞尔数新公式。     

Modeling of debris cooling with annular gap in the lower RPV and verification based on ALPHA experiments

For severe accident assessment in a light water reactor, heat transfer models in a narrow annular gap between the overheated core debris and the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) are important for evaluating RPV integrity and emergency procedures. Using existing data, the authors developed heat transfer models on the average critical heat flux (CHF) restricted by countercurrent flow limitation (CCFL) and local boiling heat fluxes, and showed that the average CHF depended on the steam–water flow pattern in the narrow gap and that the local heat fluxes were similar to the pool boiling curve. We evaluated the validity of heat transfer models by simple calculations for ALPHA experiments performed at Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute. Calculated results showed that heat fluxes on the crust surface were restricted mainly by thermal resistance of the crust after the crust formation, and emissivity on the crust surface did not have much effect on the heat fluxes. The calculated vessel temperature during the heat-up process and peak vessel temperature agreed well with the measurements, which confirmed the validity of the average CHF correlation. However, the vessel cooling rate was underestimated mainly due to underestimation of the gap size.     

Heat Transfer to Steam-Water Annular Dispersed Flow in Vertical Annulus

The heat transfer coefficient and slow burnout heat flux were measured for a stream-water annular dispersed upward flow under pressures up to 3.5 ata in an electrically heated vertical annular channel.

An empirical equation was derived for the heat transfer coefficient as function of mass flow rate, steam quality and heat flux. The dominant mechanism of heat transfer to the annular dispersed two-phase flow is forced convection of liquid film on the heater surface even in the region of low steam quality (down to about 0.03). The observed slow burnout heat flux was near the point of intersection of the lines representing liquid film forced convective heat transfer and nucleate boiling heat transfer on the q vs. δT _sat diagram. A dryout mechanism is proposed in which increasingly violent evaporation comes to impede the rewetting of the dry patches generated on the heater surface, which thus spread to cover the whole surface. A maximum value is observed in the slow burnout heat flux plotted against exit steam quality. This can be explained as the effect of heat removal by droplet exchange between liquid film and steam flow.     

低压低流速条件下的过冷沸腾换热特性

为探究低压低流速条件下的过冷沸腾换热特性，开展本实验研究。通过分析实验中采集的热工参数和可视化图像，探究了沸腾滞后现象、沸腾失稳现象以及沸腾换热特性。实验发现沸腾起始点壁面过热度较高，而沸腾的发生大幅提高了换热系数，因此出现了显著的沸腾滞后现象。实验中较为光滑的加热面可达到较高的过热度，而低压下快速产生的气泡尺寸较大，在较低的热流密度下气液界面发生剧烈变化，使气泡破裂为多个小气泡并成为核化点。在过冷沸腾换热系数的预测中，Dittus-Boelter对流换热关系式不再适用，采用Hallman关系式和Gnielinski关系式计算对流换热系数，并引入壁面过热度对池式沸腾换热系数进行修正，可使过冷沸腾换热系数的预测精度大幅提高。     

螺旋管内单相及沸腾的强化换热与阻力特性实验

实验研究了三维内肋螺旋管内单相及沸腾的强化换热与阻力性能。单相对流换热实验采用光滑螺旋管和两种不同结构尺寸的三维内肋螺旋管。与光滑螺旋管相比,在测试的流动范围内．两种三维内肋管的平均换热系数增加了71％和103％．平均阻力增加了90％和140％;曲率δ=0．0605、测试段长0．58m的三维内微肋螺旋管内流动沸腾换热实验结果表明：在不同质量流速、热流密度工况下,三维内微肋螺旋管的平均换热系数比光滑螺旋管增加40％到120％．阻力增加18％到119％。