膨胀管配合公差带设计方法研究

膨胀管技术主要应用于套损井的修复,具有悬挂力大,补贴强度高,密封能力强,抗内压、外压大,通径大等特点。为了改善膨胀管管体的抗挤压性能、提高套管补贴效果,通过试验分析了膨胀管膨胀力的主要影响因素,得到膨胀锥角度与膨胀率、膨胀压力的关系、润滑介质与膨胀压力的关系。在此基础上提出了膨胀配合公差带的膨胀管设计方法,并通过试验对设计的膨胀管的悬挂力和封压进行了测试,测试结果满足目前的套管补贴要求。     

膨胀式尾管悬挂器在长段套损井补贴中的应用

华北、辽河、长庆等油田的某些长段套损井甚至全井套管腐蚀井,修复套损技术难度较大,成本较高。开发了膨胀管悬挂小套管二次完井技术,利用膨胀管悬挂器悬挂长段小套管+管外自膨胀封隔器完井;在常规5(1/2)″套管井眼中新增一层套管结构。研制了胀锥锁紧装置,避免了未完成固井即完成悬挂的问题。通过室内试验对膨胀式尾管悬挂器膨胀性能、密封性能、悬挂性能、膨胀管+遇水膨胀橡胶膨胀后密封性能以及配套工具进行检验,结果满足现场试验要求。该技术目前已在华北、长庆等油田应用多口井,应用效果良好。     

超高强钢管气压热成形设备的研究开发

为了满足超高强钢管气压热成形工艺研究的需求,基于高气压热成形原理,轧制技术及连轧自动化国家重点实验室自主设计开发了一套超高强钢管气压热成形设备.该设备利用电阻加热方式对管坯温度进行精确控制,开发了管端部高压密封结构、快速充气系统及液压伺服进给系统;结合模具内部的循环冷却水路设计,高温管件在内高压与轴向进给联合作用下成形,且成形过程中与冷态模具接触被直接淬火,实现了单工位条件下的管件加热、成形及在线淬火功能.实验测试表明,该设备最高充气压力可达40 MPa且密封可靠,温度控制精度为±1℃,管件充气速度连续可调,为超高强钢管气压热成形工艺研究提供了可靠的支持.     

稠油热采井补贴管管柱界面粘脱分析与防治

稠油井注汽热采过程中,热应力易使补贴管与水泥环之间出现微裂缝、微环隙,致使界面出现粘脱现象,进而导致补贴失效。为延长补贴管使用周期,首先基于井下管柱三轴热应力理论与界面破坏准则,运用ABAQUS有限元软件建立热采井补贴管热力耦合三维有限元模型,模拟实际注蒸汽热采过程,得出补贴管-水泥-旧套管-水泥-地层系统的温度场、应力场分布规律及补贴管界面粘脱情况,并研究不同注汽温度、注汽压力、胶结强度等因素对补贴管界面粘结状态的影响;随后将预应力技术应用于补贴管二次固井过程中,并在不同工况下将施加预应力技术前后补贴管界面粘脱状态进行对比,界面粘脱长度显著降低;最后确定了不同温升条件下的预应力施加值,为二次固井与套损治理提供指导意义。     

实体膨胀管补贴工艺的应用

文阐述了两种实体膨胀管套管补贴工艺的工艺原理、补贴效果及现场施工工艺,应用该工艺治理套管变形井取得较好效果,本文对实体膨胀管补贴工艺的现场应用具有一定的指导意义.     

耐高温低密度油井水泥的研究及应用

根据国内油田低压浅层稠油热采井固井需求，研制开发了一种新型耐高温低密度油井水泥。该水泥由基础熟料和天然非晶态硅质材料组成，在不同地层温度(18—75℃)范围内，其密度可在1．37—1．53g／cm^3之间调节，48h抗压强度大于10MPa，高温(300℃)水热条件下7d的抗压强度不衰退，其综合工程性能满足浅层稠油井固井技术要求。190口井的现场应用结果表明：该水泥具有施工工艺简单，造浆率高，抗高温性能优异等特性，可显著提高低压浅层稠油热采井的固井质量和原油产量。     

吐哈油田膨胀管套管补贴技术应用

已经过20多年开发的鄯善、丘陵油田,油水井套损比例最高,严重影响油水井生产。本文从膨胀管套管补贴的发展过程、技术应用的范围、目前套损井治理方式、油田开展膨胀管补贴的技术准备及适应性论证、油田膨胀管补贴技术及工艺过程、应用情况及效果、认识及建议进行了叙述,指出该技术适合鄯善、丘陵等开发中后期油田套管损坏的治理,提出了适合于变形、破裂等套损特点的施工工具配套、优化施工工序及通过施工后认识。     

顺北超深窄间隙固井技术应用

顺北区块超深窄间隙固井面临高温、井筒内压高交变以及高压盐水层等复杂工况,水泥环长效密封性难以保证。基于顺北12.7mm窄间隙固井工况,采用自主研制的窄间隙水泥环密封完整性评价装置,研究了水泥石密封失效机理,结果表明：加压养护的低弹性模量水泥石较常规水泥石具有更好的密封性能。在此基础上,通过优选弹性材料及配套外加剂,研制了增韧水泥浆体系,弹性模量可低至6.8GPa、抗压强度可达22.7MPa。进一步通过优化固井综合措施,形成了提高超深窄间隙井筒完整性的固井配套技术。基于该技术,现场应用1井次,固井质量优质,未发生水窜。研究成果对于超深井窄间隙固井具有重要借鉴意义,可有效推进顺北区块的长效、安全、高效开发。     

一种耐热低膨胀钢种的设计

通过对稠油热采井使用工况的研究,针对性设计了一种耐高温、低膨胀钢种.此钢种采用中碳Cr--Mo系加微量晶界强化合金元素及稀土的设计思路.实验室试验证明,其高温拉伸性能和线膨胀系数均较C--Mn系钢种优越,适用于稠油热采工况条件,有望用于稠油热采井专用套管的生产.     

姬塬油田套损井隔水采油技术研究与应用

姬塬油田由于多年开发,油田综合含水逐渐上升,井筒腐蚀日趋严重,套损井数量不断增加,造成姬塬油田部分油藏注采井网失控、水驱动用程度降低、剩余油未能有效开采等问题,直接影响油水井正常生产及油田稳产,同时也给姬塬油田造成了巨大的经济损失。一方面,开展对Y211、Y341和桥塞等常规机械隔采工具进行原理分析和现场应用效果对比研究工作,得出其现场应用的缺陷性;另一方面,针对常规隔采工具的缺陷性,开展LEP长效封隔器隔采技术和软金属套管补贴技术研究与试验工作。通过研究及试验不同类型机械隔采工具的优缺点和适用范围,得出在不同工况下的套损井应用机械隔采工具治理套损井的有效措施,为姬塬油田套损井的治理及后期的稳产提供有力的技术支撑。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.