HPLC法测定唑来膦酸原料药中4种有关物质

目的 建立唑来膦酸原料药中杂质A、B、C、D的HPLC测定方法。方法 采用Titank Phenyl-Hexyl色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）对杂质A、B、C、D进行定量分析,以8 mg·mL^-1的1-辛烷磺酸钠和0.037 mg·mL^-1的EDTA-二钠为缓冲液,缓冲液-乙腈（4∶96）为流动相,进行等度洗脱,体积流量为0.8 mL·min^-1,检测波长为215 mm,柱温为20℃,进样量为10 μL。结果 空白溶液不干扰对各杂质的检测;各杂质在相应浓度范围内线性关系良好,R²均不小于0.990;各杂质的检测限分别为192.6、545.5、126.0、150.0 ng·mL^-1,定量限分别为629、1 515、315、500 ng·mL^-1;各杂质的平均回收率分别为95.4%、82.4%、92.0%、95.9%,RSD分别为2.8%、2.7%、2.9%、2.4%;3批样品有关物质的测定结果显示,各杂质的质量分数均低于0.3%。结论 方法学验证结果显示,建立的HPLC法适用于唑来膦酸原料药中杂质A、B、C、D的检测。     

HPLC法测定唑来膦酸原料药及粉针剂中主成分唑来膦酸

目的 建立测定唑来膦酸原料药及粉针剂中主成分唑来膦酸含量的HPLC法。方法 采用Kromasil 100-5-C₁₈ （250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,制备0.2%的三乙胺溶液、用磷酸调pH至4.0作为缓冲液,乙腈-缓冲液（4∶96）为流动相,体积流量为0.8 mL·min^-1,检测波长为215 nm,柱温为25℃,进样量10 μL。结果 唑来膦酸与相邻峰的分离效果良好,分离度为3.9,主成分唑来膦酸在100.2～1 002.0 μg·mL^-1线性关系良好,R²为0.998 6,检测限和定量限分别为75.2、250.5 ng·mL^-1,回收率在105.2%～111.4%,重复性试验、中间精密度试验、稳定性、耐用性符合要求。3批原料药和粉针剂的检测结果显示,唑来膦酸的质量分数均≥95.0%。结论 经方法学验证,所建立方法灵敏、高效、专属性强、准确度高,可作为测定唑来膦酸原料药及粉针剂主成分唑来膦酸含量的方法。     

气相色谱法测定异环磷酰胺原料药中3种有关物质

目的 建立气相色谱（GC）法测定异环磷酰胺原料药中3种有关物质（起始物料3-氨基丙醇、杂质D和杂质F）。方法 采用HP-55% Phenyl Methyl Siloxane色谱柱（30 m×320 μm，0.25 μm）；采用程序升温的方式，起始柱温50℃，保持2 min后以每分钟5℃的速率升温至180℃，再以每分钟20℃的速率升温至260℃；进样口温度为380℃；检测器温度为380℃；分流比5∶1。结果 起始物料峰、杂质D、杂质F与周围峰分离度分别为2.6、3.0、1.6；异环磷酰胺起始物料3-氨基丙醇在39.80～199.0 μg·mL^-1线性关系良好（r=0.999 1），杂质D在39.48～197.4 μg·mL^-1线性关系良好（r=0.999 1），杂质F在2.000～20.000 μg·mL^-1线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）； 3-氨基丙醇和杂质D的检测限分别为9.95、9.87 μg·mL^-1，杂质F因色谱柱柱效降低且进样量过大未能进行检测限测定；3-氨基丙醇、杂质D、杂质F的定量限分别为19.90、19.74、2.000 μg·mL^-1；起始物料、杂质D和杂质F回收率均在90.09%～115.90%，回收率RSD分别为4.8%、7.2%、2.3%。结论 该方法的专属性、精密度、线性关系良好，准确可靠，符合异环磷酰胺中3种有关物质的检测要求。     

HPLC双波长法同时测定美辛唑酮红古豆醇酯栓中的2种有效成分

摘 要 目的：建立同时测定美辛唑酮红古豆醇酯栓中呋喃唑酮和吲哚美辛含量的高效液相色谱双波长分析方法。方法: 采用ZORBAX Extend C18 色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈和0.035 mol·L^-1的磷酸二氢钾水溶液（冰醋酸调节pH至3.0）为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长分别为364 nm和318 nm,柱温30℃,进样量20 μl。结果: 在选定的色谱条件下,呋喃唑酮和吲哚美辛在0.005～0.05 mg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,检测限分别为20 ng·mL^-1和26 ng·mL^-1,定量限分别为70 ng·mL^-1和90 ng·mL^-1,平均回收率分别为99.4%（RSD=0.6%,n=9）和99.4%（RSD=0.3%,n=9）。结论: 所建立的方法简便快速,专属性强,结果准确可靠,可用于美辛唑酮红古豆醇酯栓中呋喃唑酮及吲哚美辛的检测分析。     

HPLC测定异维A酸有关物质

目的 建立HPLC测定异维A酸有关物质的方法。方法 色谱柱为NUCLEOSIL 100-3 C₁₈（4.6 mm×150 mm,3 μm）,以甲醇-水-冰醋酸（770：225：5）为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1;柱温为25℃,检测波长为355 nm。结果 异维A酸峰与杂质H、I、维A酸、强制降解杂质峰分离良好;异维A酸、杂质H、I和维A酸的线性范围分别为0.000 545 5~21.82 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）,0.002 856~7.14 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 0）,0.002 789~6.97 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）、0.017 07~22.76 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 6）;检测限分别为0.27,0.60,0.65,5.50 ng·mL^-1,定量限分别为0.55,2.85,2.80,17.00 ng·mL^-1;杂质H、I和维A酸的平均回收率分别为101.57%,102.02%,101.03%,RSD分别为0.5%,0.8%,1.5%。结论 建立的HPLC方法准确、专属性强,可用于异维A酸有关物质的测定。     

GC-MS/MS测定坎地沙坦酯片中基因毒性杂质1-氯乙基环己基碳酸酯

目的 建立GC-MS/MS分析方法测定坎地沙坦酯片中基因毒性杂质1-氯乙基环己基碳酸酯。方法 采用DB-5MS(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm)毛细管柱,程序升温,初始温度80 ℃,以20 ℃·min^–1的速率升至300 ℃,维持5 min,以氦气为载气,流速1.0 mL·min^–1,多反应监测模式检测。结果 1-氯乙基环己基碳酸酯在4.4~437.8 ng·mL^–1内线性关系良好,定量限为4.4 ng·mL^–1,检测限为2.2 ng·mL^–1,平均回收率为95.6%(RSD=6.3%,n=9)。结论 本法操作简单、灵敏度高、准确性好,适用于坎地沙坦酯片中基因毒性杂质1-氯乙基环己基碳酸酯的检测。     

CEA、CYFRA21-1与免疫治疗NSCLC预后的相关性研究★

目的 探讨临床常用的肺部肿瘤标志物CEA、CYFRA21-1及CA125在肿瘤免疫治疗中的作用。方法 收集我院收治的82例首次接受纳武利尤单抗（3 mg·kg^-1，每2周1次）免疫治疗的非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者的临床资料。分别记录治疗前及治疗6周后CEA、CYFRA21-1、CA125水平以及治疗前后上述指标的差值。所有患者每3个月随访1次，主要生存评估指标为无进展生存期（PFS）和总生存期（OS）。结果 治疗前CEA<15.675 ng·mL^-1或CYFRA21-1<10.810 ng·mL^-1、治疗6周后CEA差值<2.485 ng·mL^-1或CYFRA21-1差值<3.750 ng·mL^-1与较长的PFS和OS显著相关（P<0.001）。多因素分析结果表明，ECOG评分0~2分的患者可获得较长的PFS；ECOG评分0~2分、CEA差值<2.485 ng·mL^-1的患者可获得较长的OS。结论 治疗前CEA <15.675 ng·mL^-1、CYFRA 21-1<10.810 ng·mL^-1，治疗6周后CEA差值<2.485 ng·mL^-1、CYFRA21-1差值<3.750 ng·mL^-1可能是预测纳武利尤单抗治疗NSCLC患者预后的较为可靠的生物学指标。     

混合模式色谱柱全水相测定阿仑膦酸钠片的含量和有关物质

目的 建立一种混合模式色谱柱联用电雾式检测器测定阿仑膦酸钠片的含量和有关物质的方法。方法 采用Acclaim Trinity P2色谱柱（2.1 mm×100 mm，3 μm），柱温35℃，以水（A）-100 mmol·L^-1甲酸铵溶液（用甲酸调至pH 3.3，B）为流动相进行梯度洗脱（0~4 min，20%→50% B；4~6 min，50%→40% B；6~8 min，40%→20% B），流速为0.3 mL·min^-1，进样量为20 μL；采用电雾式检测器测定，雾化温度为50℃，采样频率为5 Hz，过滤常数为3.6 s。结果 阿仑膦酸钠在0.70~1.40 mg·mL^-1内线性良好（r²=0.999 2），方法重复性的RSD为0.53%，平均加样回收率（n=9）为99.8%（RSD=1.25%）；有关物质测定项下，主成分阿仑膦酸钠，杂质磷酸盐、亚磷酸盐及4-氨基丁酸分别在19.04~76.16，3.95~49.38，3.97~49.69，3.94~49.23 μg·mL^-1内线性良好（r²>0.998），且各杂质的校正因子为0.67，0.56，0.55，各杂质定量限约为主成分浓度的0.05%，杂质测定方法的平均回收率（n=9）分别为86.2%，85.4%，91.0%，且RSD<2%；3家企业生产的阿仑膦酸钠片剂中阿仑膦酸的标示含量分别为92.0%，91.5%，95.2%，各杂质含量均小于中国药典阿仑膦酸钠项下规定的限度0.5%。结论 该方法操作简便，灵敏度和准确性较高，可用于阿仑膦酸钠片的含量测定和有关物质检查。     

HPLC法测定化妆品原料2-羟乙基脲及杂质尿素的含量

目的 建立化妆品原料2-羟乙基脲的高效液相色谱（high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC）含量测定方法,并检测其杂质尿素的含量,以实现对2-羟乙基脲的质量控制。方法采用Capcell PAK ADME C_{18色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;以水为流动相;柱温30℃;流速为1.0 mL·min^-1;进样量10 μL;检测波长194 nm。结果 2-羟乙基脲和尿素分别在1.168～116.8 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）和1.032～206.5 μg·mL^-1（r=0.9992）范围内浓度与峰面积有良好的线性关系,平均回收率分别为98.0%和97.1%,检出限分别为0.12 μg·mL^-1和0.21 μg·mL^-1,定量限分别为0.36 μg·mL^-1和0.52 μg·mL^-1。结论 本方法准确度高,重复性好,检测灵敏度符合检测要求,可用于化妆品原料2-羟乙基脲及其杂质尿素的含量测定方法。}     

LC-MS/MS法测定替诺福韦前体药物中遗传毒性杂质

目的 采用高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法（LC-MS/MS）法测定替诺福韦酯前体药物中遗传毒性杂质9-丙烯基腺嘌呤含量,并分析最小二乘法不同线性拟合方法对结果准确度的影响。方法 采用Waters XBridge C₁₈（4.6 mm×150 mm,3.5 μm）色谱柱;以甲醇-水（55:45）为流动相,流速：1.0 mL·min^-1,等度洗脱8 min（2.0～2.6 min进质谱）。进样体积2 μL,柱温40 ℃。采用正离子电喷雾（ESI+）模式电离,多反应离子监测（MRM）模式,选择m/z 176.0→136.0作为检测离子。结果 经分析方法验证,该方法专属性良好;系统精密度试验RSD为1.1%（n=6）;使用最小二乘法进行线性回归,线性范围0.051～25.250 μg·mL^-1;加权线性回归在低浓度区域准确性明显高于未加权线性回归。定量限0.051 ng·mL^-1,检出限0.017 ng·mL^-1;原料药样品溶液平均回收率99.08%～99.97%（n=9）,重复性RSD为0.4%～1.3%;片剂样品溶液平均回收率98.94%～101.96%（n=9）,重复性RSD为0.2%～0.3%;耐用性良好。结论 建立的方法操作简单、灵敏度高、分析速度快、基质不影响检测,结果准确可靠,能够满足痕量遗传毒性杂质的检测要求。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.