百菌清在黄瓜、番茄加工前后的残留变化

采用气相色谱电子捕获检测技术(GC-ECD)研究了75%百菌清WP在黄瓜腌渍、番茄制酱前后的残留变化。百菌清的最低检出量为1.5×10-12g,在黄瓜和番茄中的最低检出浓度为0.002mg/kg。在黄瓜、番茄中平均回收率为79.8%～102.3%,变异系数为6.9%,符合农药残留分析的要求。研究结果表明,黄瓜、番茄在加工后百菌清残留量降低很快,食用更安全。     

百菌清在设施草莓上的残留

采用自行建立的固相萃取-毛细管气相色谱(SPE-CGC)分析方法,研究了75%百菌清WP在春季温棚草莓和夏季大棚草莓果实上的残留动态和最终残留量。实验表明,百菌清在不同设施条件下草莓上的残留消解方程均符合一级动力学方程。另外,环境条件是影响百菌清残留的重要因素,春季温棚草莓果实上比夏季大棚百菌清残留量高,消解速度慢;百菌清大部分残留于果实表面,果内残留远低于全果残留。测定方法最小检知量为8.6×10-3ng,在草莓中最低检出质量分数为0.86μg/kg。其平均添加回收率为88.17%～99.01%,标准偏差为4.43%～6.4%。     

精甲霜灵在西瓜和土壤中的残留动态

采用液相色谱测定了精甲霜灵在西瓜及土壤中的残留动态和最终残留量.精甲霜灵的最低检出量为0.5 ng,最低检出质量分数为0.02 mg/kg.在西瓜全瓜、瓜瓤和土壤中的平均同收率为80.8%～90.1%,相对标准偏差2.9%～6.7%.结果表明:精甲霜灵在西瓜中的半衰期为3.2～3.5 d;在土壤中的半衰期为9.0～10.7 d.440 g/L精甲霜灵·百菌清悬浮剂按照推荐用量990 g a.i./hm2和推荐用量的1.5倍(1485 g a.i./hm2)施药3～4次,末次施药5 d后,西瓜瓜瓤中的精甲霜灵残留量低于0.2 mg/kg.     

噻吩磺隆在花生上的残留分析

建立了噻吩磺隆在花生土壤、植株、籽粒中残留的分析方法,即采用甲醇为萃取剂,在超声振荡条件下萃取样品中噻吩磺隆的残留,经氟罗里硅土柱层析净化后,采用反相HPLC-UVD方法对噻吩磺隆在土壤中残留进行定量分析。结果表明,该方法最小检出量(LOD)为4×10-10g,在土壤中最低检出质量分数为0.02mg/kg,在植株和籽粒中最低检出质量分数为0.03mg/kg。噻吩磺隆在土壤、植株和籽粒上的平均回收率分别为83.8%～97.8%、85.2%～96.2%、85.0%～100.2%,相对标准偏差分别为4.2%～10.4%、2.7%～10.1%、4.2%～7.7%,满足残留检测的要求。     

菠菜中噻虫嗪的残留检测与消解动态

采用高效液相色谱分析技术测定了噻虫嗪在菠菜中的残留动态和最终残留.噻虫嗪的最低检出量为1 ng,最低检出质量分数为0.002 mg/kg.在菠菜中的平均回收率为90.5%～101.4%,相对标准偏差0.75%～1.21%.噻虫嗪在土壤和菠菜中的半衰期分别为2.3 d.按180 g/hm2剂量施药3 d后,菠菜中最高残留量为0.55 mg/kg.     

腈菌唑在黄瓜和土壤中的残留动态

建立了用高效气相色谱法测定黄瓜和土壤中腈菌唑农药残留量的方法.并研究了其在黄瓜和土壤中的消解动态和最终残留.样品用乙腈提取,过Florisil柱净化,ECD检测器检测,外标法定量.添加回收率为84.0%～106.4%,变异系数为2.2%～8.6%,该方法的最小检出量为1×10-11g,在黄瓜和土壤中的最低检出质量分数为0.010 mg/kg.残留动态试验结果表明,施药质量浓度为推荐剂量的2倍时(有效成分60g/hm2),腈菌唑在黄瓜中的半衰期为2.5～2.7d,在土壤中为14.1～14.3d.在有效成分60g/hm2的剂量下,施药5～6次,施药后第5d黄瓜中腈菌唑残留量低于0.20mg/kg.     

氟啶脲在冬枣中的残留检测及消解动态

采用高效液相色谱法测定了氟啶脲在冬枣中的残留动态.氟啶脲的最低检出量为4.45 ng,最低检出质量分数为0.04 mg/kg.在冬枣中的平均回收率为71.3%～91.7%,相对标准偏差为0.95%～5.23%,符合农药残留分析的要求.实验结果表明:氟啶脲在冬枣中的半衰期为3.1 d,原始沉积量为0.95 mg/kg.按0.05 g/kg药液质量浓度施药7 d后,冬枣中最高残留量为1.37 mg/kg.     

仲丁灵在土壤中的消解动态研究

采用气相色谱法建立了仲丁灵在土壤中的残留分析测定方法,并试验了仲丁灵在土壤中的残留消解动态。样品采用丙酮提取,经弗罗里硅土柱净化后,采用气相色谱法测定。该方法的添加回收率为90.71%～99.06%,变异系数为0.89%～3.34%,最低检出浓度为0.05 mg/kg,最低检出量为1.89×10-10g。消解动态试验结果表明,仲丁灵按推荐使用剂量(1 800 g/hm2)和2倍推荐使用剂量(3 600 g/hm2)施药,它在土壤中的半衰期分别为9.04 d和11.17 d。     

杏鲍菇及培养料中毒死蜱的残留动态

[目的]制定毒死蜱在杏鲍菇上的残留安全标准。[方法]在培养料中分别施以毒死蜱农药质量分数为50、100 mg/kg进行杏鲍菇栽培,应用气相色谱分析法,测定了毒死蜱在杏鲍菇培养料及子实体中的残留量和残留动态。[结果]毒死蜱在培养料中消解较慢,半衰期为15.4-20.5 d;采收时培养料中毒死蜱残留量为0.22、1.32 mg/kg,子实体中均无残留检出。[结论]毒死蜱在培养料中难降解,易残留,故食用菌栽培中尽量施用低质量分数,防止污染。     

土壤中哒螨灵的残留分析方法研究

建立了哒螨灵在土壤中的残留分析方法。样品采用丙酮提取,二氯甲烷萃取,弗罗里硅土柱层析净化,GC-ECD检测。试验测得哒螨灵在土壤中的添加回收率为89.70%～92.90%,相对标准偏差为2.30%～4.70%,变异系数为2.09%～4.46%,方法的最低检出量为1×10-11g,检出限为5×10-3mg·kg-1。结果表明,该方法符合农药残留分析的要求。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。