激光辐照皮肤组织的热效应解析计算研究

为了研究工作波段在近红外的激光安全问题,建立了连续激光辐照生物组织的热学模型,通过分离变量法求解热传导方程,得出了生物组织在激光辐照阶段和扩散阶段皮肤组织瞬态温度分布的精确解析解,并以氧碘激光辐照皮肤组织为例,计算了皮肤组织在激光辐照下的温度场分布。结果表明,皮肤组织温升随激光辐照时间和功率密度的增加而增加,辐照结束后,皮肤表面温度缓慢下降,深处温度先缓慢上升,再缓慢下降。分析结论与相关实验结果取得一致,证实了所建模型的合理性。该结论对于其它连续激光对物质的热损伤研究是有帮助的。     

多脉冲激光辐照皮肤组织的光热效应实验研究

通过实验测定了离体乳猪皮肤组织在多脉冲Nd:YAG激光辐照下径向和轴向不同位置的温度分布,重点研究了激光辐照能量密度、脉冲重复频率以及波长对皮肤组织温升分布的影响.研究结果表明:皮肤组织中的温度分布与探测位置、激光辐照能量密度、脉冲激光的重复频率以及波长密切相关;在激光辐照时间为40 s的情况下,同一波长同一频率时组织温度随能量密度的增加而增大,波长1064 nm、霞复频率10 Hz时的安全光剂量阈值为1118.19 mJ/cm2;同一波长同一能量密度时,组织温度随脉冲激光重复频率的增加面增大;同一能量密度同一频率时,波长为1 064 nm的多脉冲激光辐照皮肤组织时的光热效应较532 nm波长明显.     

CO2激光对长波红外HgCdTe探测器干扰的分析

激光干扰是对抗精确制导武器、保卫己方目标的重要方式.针对高功率CO2激光对某光导型长波红外HgCdTe探测器的干扰损伤进行了理论分析与实验研究.根据实验结果,利用激光辐照探测器的温升理论模型,计算了温升随辐照时间和功率的关系,并和CO2激光器辐照光导型长波红外HgCdTe探测器的实验结果进行了对比.理论和实验结果表明,此探测器的干扰阈值为16.5W/cm2,损伤阈值为126W/cm2.实验结论对研究激光干扰星载探测器技术具有一定的参考价值.     

不同形状连续激光辐照皮肤组织温度场数值模拟

本文基于生物组织热传导方程,分析了连续平顶型激光和连续高斯型激光辐照皮肤组织的热传递规律,建立了更为接近细胞尺寸的三层皮肤组织模型,采用有限元方法对两种不同形状激光作用于皮肤组织时产生的温升情况进行了数值模拟,仿真研究了不同作用时间、不同表面距离和不同深度的皮肤组织温度场分布。结果表明,相同条件下,由连续平顶型激光在组织内部产生的最高温度明显小于高斯型的,主要原因是平顶型激光能量分散,而高斯型能量相对集中。连续高斯型激光辐照组织后产生的温升区域面积和穿透深度均较大,撤去激光后达到初始温度的冷却时间也相应较长。     

CO2激光对HgCdTe焦平面器件热力作用的理论分析

利用有限元分析方法,对CO2连续激光辐照HgCdTe红外焦平面器件的温升效应和热应力效应进行模拟计算,模型的建立加入了In柱对实验的影响.对温度及热应力分布进行分析,结果表明,探测器的温度分布随着激光辐照时间的增加而出现明显的变化.在感光层与In柱阵列的交界面上所产生的热应力对HgCdTe红外焦平面器件造成的损伤有可能先于温升损伤而发生.     

毫米波辐照下大鼠皮肤温度场及血液灌注率影响研究

根据Pennes方程和毫米波在动物皮肤内的传播特性,建立了在33.5 GHz毫米波同辐照强度下的大鼠皮肤的非稳态多层传热模型. 在二维柱坐标下进行离散计算,得到了长时间辐照条件下不同皮肤深度的温度变化规律,并将理论结果与实验数据进行了比较. 在284 mW/cm2和853 mW/cm2辐照强度下,理论结果和实验结果基本一致; 在474 mW/cm2和664 mW/cm2辐照强度下,有一定的误差,但误差仍不超过1 ℃,验证了该理论模型的准确性.分析了实际趋肤深度内的温度分布,发现毫米波引起的生物热效应的最高温度点并非在皮肤表面,而是皮下某点,其与表面辐照中心点的温差可超过1 ℃.进一步分析了血液灌注率对温度场的影响,发现在讨论的温度范围内,血液灌注率的变化对毫米波辐照下的皮肤表面温度场的影响较小.     

强激光辐照下生物组织二维瞬态温度场分布数值模拟

基于生物组织热传导方程,探讨了强激光辐照生物组织的热传递规律,建立了三层皮肤组织模型,用有限元方法对脉冲激光作用于生物组织时产生的温升进行了数值模拟,给出了皮肤组织的二维瞬态温升云图．研究了激光脉宽、束腰半径等参数对生物组织径向、轴向温度的影响趋势。结果表明,激光束腰半径增大,皮肤组织的径向温升扩散区域及轴向温升深度增大．中心最高温度减小激光脉宽减小,中心最高温度增大。激光辐照结束后,皮肤组织温升会持续一段时间,达到峰值后逐渐、下降。     

半导体激光对蝗虫与其寄主植物组织热效应的分析比较

为比较半导体激光对蝗虫与其寄主植物组织的生物热效应差异,为激光杀灭蝗虫提供理论依据.选取808nm连续激光对东亚飞蝗幼虫与营养期狗尾草植物进行辐照效应理论研究,建立了激光照射下生物组织热作用的二维数学模型,采用Matlab有限元数值分析方法求解了Pennes生物传热方程,得到了组织内部温度随激光辐照时间和组织空间位置的分布规律.数值分析结果表明,对于蝗虫与植物组织,温度分布有着同样的规律,但温度沿着径向比轴向扩散范围广.在相同的激光辐照条件下,植物组织的温升不明显,保持在初始温度水平;蝗虫组织的温升则远远高于植物组织.     

CW CO2激光对PV型InSb探测器的破坏效应

通过测量光伏型锑化铟探测器在不同功率密度、不同辐照时间的CW CO2激光辐照时性能的变化,得到其破坏阈值区间.理论上用一维热模型计算了探测器在激光辐照过程中的温升,结果表明,PV型InSb探测器的破坏效应源于连续波激光辐照过程中温升达到InSb材料熔点时其pn结退化为电阻.     

生物组织光热传输和热损伤的研究

生物组织的光热作用表现为光凝固、气化、碳化等不同的热效应,激光能量在生物组织中不断累积、扩散,由此引起生物组织产生不同程度的热效应和热损伤.在激光辐照下生物组织的热传输和热平衡机理分析的基础上,深入讨论了被作用靶组织产生的温升、热损伤和激光曝光时间三者之间的相互关系,随着吸收的光能量的增加,热源扩散使得靶组织的温度升高,温升分布将由一个δ函数扩展为一个正态分布,同时,温度升高又伴随着不同程度的热损伤.理论证明,组织温升是激光外科的一个重要因素.临床中由于缺乏被作用组织真实温升的监测措施,为了达到某种治疗效果,要么调高或者调低激光输出功率,要么延长或者缩短曝光时间,这些都可能造成靶组织的过度热损伤或者是照射剂量不足.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.     

Critical Stage Rule-Based Real Time Dispatch（RTD）System in Highly-Mixed-Products （HMP） FAB

An improving utilization and efficiency of critical equipments in semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities are concerned. Semiconductor manufacturing FAB is one of the most complicated and cost sensitive environments. A good dispatching tool will make big difference in equipment utilization and FAB output as a whole. The equipment in this paper is In-Line DUV Scanner. There are many factors impacting utilization and output on this equipment group. In HMP environment one of the issues is changing of reticule in this area and idle counts due to load unbalance between equipments. Here we'll introduce a rule-based RTD system which aiming at decreasing the number of recipe change and idle counts among a group of scanner equipment in a high-mixed-products FAB.