28nm集成电路铜互连弱碱性阻挡层抛光液性能北大核心

报道了一种用于技术节点为28 nm的集成电路多层铜互连阻挡层化学机械平坦化(CMP)的弱碱性抛光液(pH值为8.5),仅由平均粒径为20 nm的硅溶胶、FA/O多羟多胺螯合剂及非离子表面活性剂组成。实验结果表明,研发的弱碱性阻挡层抛光液对牺牲层SiO2、阻挡层Ta及金属互连线Cu等多种材料具有优异的速率选择性,去除速率一致性大于95%,并在28 nm多层铜布线片阻挡层CMP后具有较高的平坦化性能,分别获得了20 nm以下深度的碟形坑和蚀坑。通过电化学极化曲线测试表明,此弱碱性阻挡层抛光液能有效减少Cu和Ta之间的腐蚀电位差,并避免了铜互连结构Cu和Ta界面处电偶腐蚀的产生,这对提高集成电路芯片可靠性具有重要意义。     

基于正交实验法的Cu/Ta/TEOS碱性抛光液的优化

研究了碱性阻挡层抛光液中各组分对Cu、Ta和正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)去除速率的影响。通过单因素实验分别考察了磨料、FA/OⅡ螯合剂、KNO3和FA/OⅡ表面活性剂质量分数和H2O2体积分数对Cu、Ta和TEOS去除速率的影响,再结合正交实验研发了磨料质量分数为20%、FA/OⅡ螯合剂质量分数为2%、H2O2体积分数为0.1%,KNO3质量分数为1.5%、FA/OⅡ表面活性剂质量分数为2%的碱性阻挡层抛光液,该抛光液的Cu、Ta和TEOS的去除速率选择比为1∶1.47∶1.65。对4片12英寸(1英寸=2.54 cm)65 nm铜互连图形片的M4层进行阻挡层抛光,结果显示,铜沟槽内剩余铜膜厚度约为300 nm (目标值),图形片表面缺陷数目在10颗左右,碟形坑和蚀坑深度分别由52.3 nm和40 nm降至19.9 nm和18.4 nm,铜的表面粗糙度由4.4 nm降至1.9 nm。     

碱性阻挡层抛光液各成分对CMP的影响

为实现图形片的全局平坦化,通过研究碱性阻挡层抛光液各成分对铜和介质(TEOS)去除速率的影响,遴选出一种碱性阻挡层抛光液。在此抛光液基础上添加不同质量分数的盐酸胍,对钽光片进行抛光,选出满足要求的抛光液,并在中芯国际图形片上验证此抛光液的修正能力。实验表明,当磨料质量分数为20%、盐酸胍质量分数为0.3%、I型螯合剂(FA/O I)体积分数为1%、非表面活性剂体积分数为3%时,钽和TEOS去除速率之和是铜去除速率的3.3倍,此种碱性阻挡层抛光液对钽的去除速率为42 nm/min,各项参数均满足工业要求。与商用酸性、碱性抛光液相比,该抛光液对碟形坑和蚀坑有更好的修正能力。     

新型碱性阻挡层抛光液的研究(英文)

为了达到Ta的高去除速率,通过实验改变碱性阻挡层抛光液中各组分的体积分数,研究各组分变化对阻挡层材料Cu和Ta抛光速率的影响。碱性阻挡层抛光液中,首先确定磨料及去离子水的比例,然后再改变盐酸胍和螯合剂等组分体积分数,得到Cu和Ta抛光速率的变化规律,便于选取此条件下阻挡层抛光液最佳配比。通过各种测试手段表征抛光液对12英寸(1英寸=2.54 cm)布线片碟形坑修正能力及铜布线表面粗糙度的影响。结果表明,Ta和Cu材料的抛光速率随各组分变化规律明显,当磨料体积分数为30%、盐酸胍体积分数为3%以及螯合剂体积分数为1%时,可以达到Ta和Cu的最大抛光速率差。优化后的新型阻挡层抛光液1 min内可以实现碟形坑的有效修正及粗糙度的明显降低。     

ULSI铜布线阻挡层Ta CMP及抛光液的研究

ULSI多层铜互连线中,由于Cu与Ta的硬度不同带来抛光速率的差异,使得在CMP过程中各种缺陷如碟形坑缺陷、磨蚀缺陷极易发生。研究分析了H2O2、有机碱对Cu和Ta抛光速率的影响,并进行了不同抛光液配比的试验。实验证明,在温度为30℃、压力0.08 MPa,转速60 r/min、抛光液流量为160 mL/min、抛光液成份为V(H2O2)∶V(有机碱)∶V(活性剂)∶V(螯合剂)=5∶15∶15∶25时,抛光速率一致性较好,能够有效降低碟形坑的出现几率;Cu、Ta的抛光速率均为500 nm/min左右,实现了CMP的全局平坦化。     

新型碱性阻挡层抛光液对铜布线化学机械平坦化的评估研究

化学机械平坦化(CMP)是铜互连制备过程中唯一的全局平坦化技术。但是由于互连线铜与扩散阻挡层物理及化学性质上的差异,在阻挡层的化学机械平坦化过程中将加剧导致碟形坑的产生。目前,国际上抛光液以酸性为主,但是其存在固有的问题,如酸性气体挥发,腐蚀严重等。本论文研发出一种新型碱性阻挡层抛光液,与商用的阻挡层抛光液做对比,评估了其抛光性能。实验结果表明,新型碱性阻挡层抛光液抛光后表面状态好,粗糙度较低。另外,碟形坑及电阻测试结果表明,新型碱性阻挡层抛光后铜布线的表面形貌好,碟形坑小,能够应用于铜布线阻挡层的CMP中。     

磷酸和酒石酸在GSI阻挡层CMP抛光液中的应用

在阻挡层的化学机械平坦化(CMP)过程中,Cu与阻挡层去除速率的一致性是保证平坦化的关键问题之一。低k介质材料的引入要求阻挡层在低压力下用弱碱性抛光液进行CMP,这给抛光液对不同材料的选择性提出了新的挑战。研究了低压2 psi,(1 psi=6.89 kPa)CMP条件下,磷酸和酒石酸作为阻挡层抛光液pH调节剂对Cu和Ta的络合作用。实验结果表明,酒石酸对Cu和Ta有一定的络合作用,能够提高它们的去除速率;磷酸能提高Ta的去除速率,而对Cu的去除有抑制作用。最终在加入磷酸浓度为2×10-2mol/L,酒石酸浓度为1×10-2mol/L,H2O2体积分数为0.3%,pH=8.5时,Cu/Ta/SiO2介质的去除速率选择比达到了1∶1∶1,去除速率约为58 nm/min;同时,磷酸和酒石酸的加入能够有效改善Cu的表面状态。     

配置一种不加BTA和氧化剂的弱碱性阻挡层抛光液的机理分析

在阻挡层化学机械抛光中,实现可控的铜,钽,介质去除速率选择比是一项挑战。双氧水作为氧化剂加上BTA作为抑制剂的作用被认为是一种有效的方法。但是,由于双氧水易于分解使得含有双氧水的抛光液使用寿命短。另外,BTA对抛光后清洗带来挑战：在片子表面残留有毒的有机物和颗粒。最近,我们一直致力于研究一种不加氧化剂和BTA的阻挡层抛光液。在这些工作的基础上,本文的目的是通过实验研究抛光液中不同的组分（包括硅溶胶,FA/O螯合剂,溶液PH,硝酸）胍）对铜,钽,介质去除速率的影响来讨论配置这种新型的不加BTA和氧化剂的阻挡层抛光液的机理。相关可能的抛光机也会在本论文中提出。     

碱性抛光液在CMP过程中对低k介质的影响

以p型111硅片为衬底,经过旋涂固化制备低介电常数(低k)材料聚酰亚胺。经过化学机械抛光(CMP)过程,考察实验前后低k材料介电性能的变化。实验中分别使用阻挡层抛光液、Cu抛光液以及新型抛光液对低k材料进行抛光后,利用电参数仪对低k材料进行电性能测试。结果显示,低k材料介电常数经pH值为7.09新型抛光液抛光后,k值由2.8变为2.895,漏电流在3.35 pA以下,去除速率为59 nm/min。经新型抛光液抛光后的低k材料,在电学性能等方面均优于阻挡层抛光液和Cu抛光液,抛光后的低k材料的性能能够满足应用要求。     

无氧化剂条件下铜钴CMP去除速率的控制北大核心

利用不含氧化剂的碱性抛光液对铜和钴进行化学机械抛光,深入分析了抛光液组分包括硅溶胶磨料、FA/O螯合剂以及非离子表面活性剂对两种金属去除速率的影响规律及作用机理。实验结果表明,铜和钴的去除速率随着磨料质量分数的增加而升高,并且在磨料质量分数低于5%时钴的去除速率为20~30 nm/min,而铜的去除速率几乎为零;加入FA/O螯合剂可增强其与金属离子的络合,从而加快铜和钴的去除速率;非离子表面活性剂可以有效降低铜和钴的表面粗糙度。在抛光液各组分的协同作用下,可以达到两种材料的低表面粗糙度和高去除速率选择性。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.     

Critical Stage Rule-Based Real Time Dispatch（RTD）System in Highly-Mixed-Products （HMP） FAB

An improving utilization and efficiency of critical equipments in semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities are concerned. Semiconductor manufacturing FAB is one of the most complicated and cost sensitive environments. A good dispatching tool will make big difference in equipment utilization and FAB output as a whole. The equipment in this paper is In-Line DUV Scanner. There are many factors impacting utilization and output on this equipment group. In HMP environment one of the issues is changing of reticule in this area and idle counts due to load unbalance between equipments. Here we'll introduce a rule-based RTD system which aiming at decreasing the number of recipe change and idle counts among a group of scanner equipment in a high-mixed-products FAB.