用液闪直接测量核设施周围环境中的氚

某些核设施运行时会释放氚,从而引起周围环境中氚活度浓度水平的变化。对核设施周边区域空气、地下水、雨水和海水样品中的氚分别用内标准法(简称“内标法”)和外标准淬灭指示参数法(简称“外标法”)进行了液闪测量。两种标准方法测量数据的相对偏差在-4.0%～4.0%。根据内标法的探测效率与仪器给出的淬灭指示参数制作了4种环境水样的淬灭校正曲线。在环境样品测量中,内标法和外标法的探测效率最大差值约为1.6%,痕量¹⁴C和其它β放射性核素对³H的计数率影响可忽略。对探测效率为21.5%～24.5%无严重淬灭的样品,用液闪直接测量并根据外标法的淬灭校正曲线计算氚活度浓度,相对偏差在-6.35%～4.41%,基本可满足核设施氚常规监测的要求。     

低温解析-液闪法检测植物中氚含量

为评价涉氚活动中氚对环境的影响,建立了低温解析—液闪法检测核设施周围植物样品中氚含量的分析方法。该方法将核设施周围植物样品中组织自由水氚(TFWT)在110~120℃解析出来,用液闪计数仪测量其氚含量。该分析方法比传统分析方法缩短约120 min,对植物样中TFWT的平均回收率优于76%,能够满足涉氚场所植物中TFWT的快速分析。     

ITER实验包层吹洗气前处理系统的FMECA研究

实验包层(TBM)输出吹洗气前处理系统将安装在国际热核聚变实验堆(ITER)装卸TBM的通道内(Port Cell),它的功能是将TBM输出的含氚吹洗气进行过滤、除HTO、冷却、调流量等处理,处理后输出到氚提取系统。介绍了该系统的工艺过程和系统组件,以氚释放危险为判据,对该系统进行FMECA(故障模式、影响及危害性分析),并作出分析表。找出了几种故障模式或薄弱环节,进行了尝试性的风险优先数和故障模式危害度计算,提出了设计改进措施和使用补偿措施;最后确定了需要重点关注的4种需导致释非正常过量释放的潜在故障模式。这些故障分析为降低系统氚过量释放危险设计提供了依据,也为TBM其他附属氚系统的安全分析奠定了基础。     

10~(12)n/s氘氚聚变中子发生器旋转氚靶设计与传热分析

本文设计一种用于1012 n/s量级氘氚中子发生器HINEG(High Intensity Neutron Generator)的旋转氚靶系统,对该系统的技术难点、机械和冷却方案等进行介绍,给出了该靶系统的设计关键指标参数,并利用CFD方法对该旋转靶系统的传热过程进行三维模拟和分析。分析结果表明,该靶系统在稳定运行时,靶片最高温度为48℃,靶系统采用的冷却方案可以有效地实现靶系统的散热,不会发生氚的大量释放和靶片熔毁。     

被动式氚取样器性能的实验研究

介绍了核设施工作场所和环境空气中氚化水蒸气HTO的监测，被动式氚取样器在国外已经得到非常广泛的应用，所研制的被动式氚取样器，特别适用于7－30d的长期取样，给出该取样周期内空气中HTO浓度的平均值。     

CFETR氦冷固态包层及其辅助系统动态氚输运分析

实现氚自持、建立完整的氚循环系统并保证氚安全是中国聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)的主要目标之一。在CFETR氦冷固态包层及其辅助系统设计过程中,需对系统级氚输运行为进行详细分析,包括氚滞留量、释放量、浓度的动态变化等。基于已建立的动态氚分析程序TriSim-Dynamic,在此基础上进行修改完善,利用该程序对CFETR氦冷固态包层及其辅助系统氚动态输运进行分析模拟,得到了冷却剂及提氚吹扫气中氚浓度、氚分压,管壁及结构材料中氚盘存量,氚通过包层结构材料和辅助系统管壁向真空室、水冷系统及建筑的渗透通量动态变化,并将其稳态值与已进行基准校核的稳态氚分析程序TriSim-SA及理论解析解进行比较,以初步验证分析结果的准确性,数据结果也对CFETR氚安全分析提供了一定的参考。     

氦-3回路中氚的辐射安全分析

氚安全是确保燃料元件堆内功率瞬态试验的关键因素之一。本文首先分析了氚的来源和危害,提出了氦-3回路氚的防护和去污措施,然后讨论了氚在正常运行和事故时释放到包容箱和工艺间的量和处理措施,最后评价了氦-3系统发生不同安全措施失效的事故情况下工作人员的氚内照射剂量。结果表明:系统正常运行时工作人员所受最大剂量为1.27 μSv/d,除了氚安全措施全部同时失效且HT短时间全部被氧化成HTO的极限事故以外,在一般事故情况下氚对工作人员产生的最大剂量小于10 mSv。     

车载式大气氚取样系统设计

介绍了车载式大气氚取样系统,该系统由大气氚累积取样器、气体冷阱、车载电源、中心控制器等分系统组成,具有实时、机动、地理位置信息自定位、取样快速等特点,可用于核设施周围环境大气氚浓度异常变化监测、核设施突发事件应急监测、环境辐射调查监测等工作的大气氚取样。     

氚废气的回收技术研究

采用了高温催化氧化法处理含氚废气。处理过程如下:在干燥氩气(含少量H2)的载带下,含氚废气通过高温催化氧化床转化为氚水,然后用蒸馏水或合适的干燥剂吸收。在400℃,氧化床穿透之前,Hopcalite氧化剂对H2的氧化效率接近100%;在500℃,Hopcalite氧化床对HT的氧化效率大于99%。实验测定了回收氚的分子筛在存放过程中,不同规格分子筛的氚释放系数以及存放条件与释放系数的关系。结果表明,3种分子筛在吸收氚水后的氚释放系数为(1.9～5.5)×10-6d-1·g-1。其中,4A钠型分子筛的氚释放系数最小,5A钙型分子筛的氚释放系数最大;3种分子筛在吸收氚水后释放的氚的化学形式绝大部分是氚化水(HTO),氚气(HT)含量不超过1.2%;含氚分子筛的贮存气氛对氚的再释放有一定影响,在纯氩气中氚释放系数比在含2%氢的氩气中的低。     

压水堆核电厂氚排放量的系统设计分析

压水堆核电厂尤其是内陆核电厂的氚排放一直备受关注。目前关于压水堆产氚的计算分析通常以一回路冷却剂系统作为氚活度衡算边界,系统设计对氚排放量的影响少有讨论。本文将氚活度衡算边界从一回路扩展到反应堆冷却剂净化和复用系统,考察了一回路氚比活度控制值、反应堆冷却剂净化复用系统水装量和不复用排放水量等三个系统设计参数之间的关系和它们对压水堆氚排放量的影响。经分析发现,通过提高一回路氚比活度控制值和增加净化复用系统水装量,可显著降低氚排放量。基于现有的核电厂设计,若将一回路氚比活度控制值从15 000 MBq·t^-1提高到44 000 MBq·t^-1,氚排放量设计值可以降低3%～13%,若进一步增加复用系统水装量到10 000 t,氚排放量设计值可降低46%。     

聚变实验增殖堆氚系统设计研究(英文)

介绍了核工业西南物理研究院聚变实验增殖堆工程概要设计(FEB-E)中的氚系统设计研究。第一部分介绍包层氚增殖区的划分、几何尺寸、装料特征和用蒙特卡罗程序计算得到的液态锂中的氚浓度分布;第二部分描述根据聚变堆氚物理基础构造的氚循环系统,共分成 10 个子系统及它们之间氚的流程图。运用研制的程序SWITRIM 计算了各个子系统中的氚投料量随时间的变化,满功率运行一年后各个子系统中的氚投料量。研究结果表明起动 143 MW 聚变功率 FEB-E 堆所需要的初始氚投料量大约为 319 g。第三部分对不同的运行状态下的氚泄漏问题进行了分析。潜在的氚泄漏危险可能来自于偏滤器系统从等离子体中抽出的气体。得到的结论是提高FEB-E 堆芯等离子体的燃耗份额从而减少氚的通过量对降低氚的泄漏危险是重要的。     

ITER中国液态锂铅实验包层模块氚渗透分析

对ITER中国液态锂铅实验包层模块的氚渗透途径进行了初步分析,并建立了氚渗透模型;在确保环境安全的前提下,通过计算LiPb中的氚分压分析了氚渗透量及氚总量的分配情况;在此基础上通过改变进入氚提取系统中LiPb比例(F)和涂层氚渗透减少因子(TPRF)对氚提取及渗透的影响做了灵敏性分析.     

Tritium management and safety issues in ITER and DEMO breeding blankets

Safe, reliable and efficient tritium management in the breeder blanket faces unique technological challenges. Beside the tritium recovery efficiency in the tritium extraction and coolant purification systems, the tritium tracking accuracy between the inner and outer fuel cycle shall also be demonstrated. Furthermore, it is self-evident that safe handling and confinement of tritium need to be stringently assured to evolve fusion as a reliable technique. The present paper gives an overview of tritium management in breeder blankets. After a short introduction into the tritium fuel cycle and blanket basics, open tritium issues are discussed, thereby focusing on tritium extraction from blanket, coolant detritiation and tritium analytics and accountancy, necessary for accurate and reliable processing as well as for book-keeping.     

Preliminary tritium safety analysis on China DFLL-TBM for ITER

The dual-functional lithium-lead test blanket module (DFLL-TBM) system was proposed to be tested in ITER. A tritium permeation model of the entire DFLL-TBM system was developed, and the tritium permeation and inventory in DFLL-TBM system were done based on the model during normal operation. Three classes of off-normal situations had been preliminarily analyzed, i.e. in-vessel TBM coolant leaks, in-TBM breeder box coolant leaks and ex-vessel TBM ancillary coolant leaks. The results showed that some issues required significant R&D effort to guarantee the tritium release to the environment below the allowable level, such as the tritium extraction from LiPb and helium coolant and very efficient detritiation system. And more analyses would be carried in the future to further assess the safety of DFLL-TBM.     

防氚高分子复合材料的制备及其性能

利用氯化聚乙烯、聚偏二氯乙烯(Polyvinylidene chloride,PVDC)、高密度聚乙烯等高分子材料复合防氚材料。采用渗透实验测量氚气渗透率;通过测量断裂强力和剥离力测量力学性能;通过测量浸泡化学试剂前后的溶失率、断裂强力下降率、剥离力下降率等表征材料的耐化学性能。结果表明,氚气在防氚高分子复合材料中的渗透率为3.44×10-10 m3/(m2?s);与PVC相比,氚气渗透率降低约70倍。PVDC薄膜复合后断裂强力提高约20倍,经纬向断裂强力为721 N。防氚高分子复合材料浸泡5种化学试剂后,最大溶失率为0.29%、断裂强力最大下降率为5.1%,其力学性能、耐化学性能均满足《防护服装酸碱类化学品防护服》(GB24540-2009)等相关标准的要求。     

核电站氚的排放量及浓度限值比较分析

氚是核电站运行过程中向环境中排放较大的放射性核素之一,控制核设施中氚的产生和排放量越来越引起人们的重视。本文通过分析核电站产生氚的主要途径,结合国际上的运行经验参数,对比分析了不同国家、不同堆型核电站氚的排放量和浓度限值。分析结果表明:三十年间,全球核电站流出物中气态氚的排放量显著高于液态氚,重水堆是各堆型核电站中氚排放的主要贡献者,也是氚排放所致公众剂量的主要来源。为了更加有效的控制氚的排放,法国等国家核安全监管机构根据电站的装机容量、排放工艺、堆型等制定了各自国家核电站氚的年排放总量限值;加拿大等国的监管机构根据剂量限值制定了导出排放限值,该值的优点是便于审查核电站正常运行时氚的排放量;其它核电国家则是以剂量限值的形式提出了氚的排放限值。     

A neutron poison tritium breeding controller applied to a water cooled fusion reactor model

The generation of tritium in sufficient quantities is an absolute requirement for a next step fusion device such as DEMO due to the scarcity of tritium sources. Although the production of sufficient quantities of tritium will be one of the main challenges for DEMO, within an energy economy featuring several fusion power plants the active control of tritium production may be required in order to manage surplus tritium inventories at power plant sites. The primary reason for controlling the tritium inventory in such an economy would therefore be to minimise the risk and storage costs associated with large quantities of surplus tritium. In order to ensure that enough tritium will be produced in a reactor which contains a solid tritium breeder, over the reactor's lifetime, the tritium breeding rate at the beginning of its lifetime is relatively high and reduces over time. This causes a large surplus tritium inventory to build up until approximately halfway through the lifetime of the blanket, when the inventory begins to decrease. This surplus tritium inventory could exceed several tens of kilograms of tritium, impacting on possible safety and licensing conditions that may exist.This paper describes a possible solution to the surplus tritium inventory problem that involves neutron poison injection into the coolant, which is managed with a tritium breeding controller. A simple PID controller and is used to manage the injection of the neutron absorbing compounds into the water coolant of a stratified blanket model, depending on the difference between the required tritium excess inventory and the measured tritium excess inventory. The compounds effectively reduce the amount of low energy neutrons available to react with lithium compounds, thus reducing the tritium breeding ratio. This controller reduces the amount of tritium being produced at the start of the reactor's lifetime and increases the rate of tritium production towards the end of its lifetime. Thus, a relatively stable tritium production level may be maintained, allowing the control system to minimize the stored tritium with obvious safety benefits. The FATI code (Fusion Activation and Transport Interface) will be used to perform the tritium breeding and controller calculations.     

Experimental study on the adsorption and desorption of tritium in the graphite materials for HTR-PM

Tritium behavior in the reactor such as production, diffusion and release are accompanied by their adsorption and desorption in graphite materials, which are essential to the safety of high temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR). In order to study this important issue, hydrogen instead of tritium is experimentally used in this work and justified viable by theory. By performing multiple sets of comparative experiments, the features of hydrogen adsorption and desorption behavior changing by adsorption temperature and time in typical graphites used in HTR-PM (High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor – Pebble Bed Module), i.e. reflective layer, fuel element and boron carbon bricks, have been observed and analyzed. Furthermore, the adsorption rates of hydrogen in the three materials as above at different conditions are also given. Based on the experimental results, tritium behavior in the HTR-PM was inferred and estimated, which is significant for the further study on the mechanism of tritium transport.     

Review of tritium confinement and atmosphere detritiation system in hot cells complex

The tritium confinement strategy adopted during the past years in the ITER hot cell building is compared to the safety requirements given by the standard ISO-17873 “Nuclear facilities - criteria for the design and operation of ventilation systems for nuclear installations other than nuclear reactors”. In fact, this is the reference safety guideline recommended by French licensing authorities.Several features of the considered design of the hot cell building are not in agreement with these guidelines. Main discrepancies concern the zoning of the hot cell complex, the flow rates of ventilation, and the possibility to recycle the room atmosphere and to detritiate the effluent air. These aspects are discussed together with some proposed modifications of the design.     

Overview of tritium safety technology at the Tritium Process Laboratory of JAERI

The Tritium Process Laboratory of the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute is the only laboratory in Japan where grams of tritium can be handled to carry out R&D on tritium processing and tritium safety handling technologies for fusion reactors. The tritium inventory is approximately 13 grams. Since 1988, basic research has been performed using gram-level tritium quantities. During the past 5 years, approximately 1 kilogram of tritium has been handled in experimental apparatus. The total amount of tritium released through the stack of TPL was controlled to less than 1 Ci without any accidents. In order to establish more complete tritium safety for DT fusion reactors, main R&D areas on tritium safety technology at TPL were focused on a new compact tritium confinement system, reliable tritium accounting and inventory control, new tritium waste treatments, and tritium release behavior into a room.