中国氦冷固态增殖剂实验包层系统氚输运初步分析

氚输运分析是开展中国氦冷固态增殖剂实验包层系统安全分析及未来聚变堆氚自持运行的重要研究内容之一。基于氚输运理论和固态增殖剂包层系统设计,利用FDS凤麟核能团队开发的聚变系统氚分析程序TAS,构建了固态增殖剂包层系统氚输运分析系统动力学模型。该模型氚输运结果与文献报道的吻合得很好,误差小于6%,验证了模型的正确性。针对中国氦冷固态增殖剂实验包层系统氚输运问题进行了两种计算方法(稳态、脉冲模式)的初步分析,获得了氚提取系统、氦气冷却系统回路氚分压,实验包层模块冷却流道、窗口室内氚提取系统和氦气冷却系统回路材料中氚滞留量,窗口室内氚提取系统和氦气冷却系统回路氚日渗透量等数据。最终对比结果显示,脉冲模式分析方法能够实时地跟踪源项的快速变化,更符合中国氦冷固态增殖剂实验包层系统实际运行情况。窗口室内氦气冷却系统回路材料中氚滞留量占到日产氚量的31.3%,因此需要在这些氚滞留损失严重的部位考虑适当的阻氚措施。     

中国聚变工程试验堆包层的核热耦合效应研究

本文以中国聚变工程试验堆（CFETR）的氦冷固态包层和水冷固态包层为研究对象,基于蒙特卡罗程序MCNP和计算流体力学程序FLUENT,利用3D-1D-2D耦合方法和伪材料方法,分别对200 MW的氦冷固态包层和水冷固态包层及1.5 GW的水冷固态包层方案进行了核热耦合计算分析。研究结果表明,金属铍的热散射效应和轻水密度是聚变包层核热耦合效应的主要来源,核热耦合效应对氦冷固态包层的影响可忽略,对水冷固态包层的氚增殖比和温度分布有一定程度的影响。     

CFETR氦冷固态增殖剂包层产氚性能研究及优化

氦冷固态增殖剂包层是中国聚变工程实验堆（CFETR）的3种候选包层概念之一。本文基于中国核工业西南物理研究院提出的一种氦冷固态增殖剂包层概念，通过蒙特卡罗输运程序MCNP5建立了包层三维中子学模型，探究了不同几何布置方案及结构设计参数对包层产氚性能的影响，得到了全堆氚增殖比（TBR）及极向各包层模块产氚分布，并由优化后的模型得到了包层模块核热分布。结果表明，优化后的TBR达到1.177，满足氚自持的最低要求。     

基于RELAP5的CFETR氦冷陶瓷增殖包层模块热工安全分析

本文对中国聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)氦冷陶瓷增殖(HCCB)包层进行热工安全分析。采用大型反应堆瞬态分析程序RELAP5对HCCB包层建模,并进行稳态分析和假设事故的模拟。计算结果表明,CFETR HCCB包层在真空室内氦气泄漏和增殖区盒内氦气泄漏事故中均未出现结构材料熔化,同时各部分的压强变化情况均未超出设计阈值,包层系统在事故发生后均能有效快速地排出余热。CFETR HCCB包层的设计满足热工安全方面的要求。     

CFETR第一壁及赤道面外包层中子辐照损伤初步分析

中国聚变工程实验堆(Chinese Fusion Engineering Testing Reactor,CFETR)的包层和偏滤器第一壁面向堆芯等离子体,第一壁辐照损伤分析对于托克马克安全运行至关重要。赤道面外包层较其它包层距离堆芯等离子体中心更近,其结构材料承受中子辐照大。因此,进行中子辐照损伤评估十分必要。基于此目的,采用计算机辅助设计(Computer Aided Design,CAD)模型和蒙特卡罗中子学建模转换接口Mc CAD完成中子学建模,并用蒙特卡罗方法的粒子输运程序计算第一壁和氦冷固态外包层结构材料辐照损伤。此外,对比了铍和钨作为面向等离子体材料两种情况下第一壁的受损情况。计算结果表明,氦冷固态包层模型下结构材料可以满足CFETR一期的运行要求。     

CFETR氦冷陶瓷增殖包层中子学分析

为满足中国聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)包层的应用要求,本文提出氦冷陶瓷增殖(HCCB)包层方案。为验证HCCB包层设计方案的合理性与可行性,采用三维蒙特卡罗粒子输运程序MCNP,计算和分析了HCCB包层方案的氚增殖比、中子壁负载、中子通量密度、核热、辐照损伤等中子学特性。结果表明,HCCB包层方案满足氚自持要求,中子通量密度和核热分布合理,屏蔽性能良好,基本满足设计要求。     

CFETR氚自持分析评估与验证策略

中国聚变工程实验堆（China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor, 简称CFETR）的主要目标之一是实现氚自持。采用氚平衡法对CFETR不同运行工况下的氚自持条件进行了分析评估。结果表明：在500 MW运行阶段,CFETR实现氚自持所需的最小氚增殖比（TBR_r）为1.098,小于CFETR增殖包层可达到的氚增殖比（TBR_a）,即在理论上满足氚自持条件。在此基础上,提出了CFETR未来通过定期的氚衡算来验证氚自持的基本策略。在基准输入参数和氚存量测量精度限制（1%）条件下,CFETR氚自持验证实验的运行周期需要大于22 d（氦冷包层）或87 d（水冷包层）。     

中国HCCB-TBM氚增殖单元三维多物理场耦合氚输运模拟分析

中国氦冷固态实验包层模块（HCCB-TBM）将在国际热核聚变实验堆（ITER）上安装测试,以验证其氚增殖能力与核热移出能力。HCCB-TBM中的氚输运与流体的传热和传质、氢同位素交换、结构材料的SORET效应密切相关。考虑以上物理因素,基于商业软件COMSOL完成了HCCB-TBM氚增殖单元多物理场耦合的氢同位素输运模拟分析。分析结果表明：球床吹洗气体中含氢有助于抑制氚渗透损失;当吹洗气体含氢浓度为4.66×10^-2 mol/m³时,产生约13.2倍的氚渗透阻止效应。     

CFETR氦冷固态包层设计及热工水力学分析

基于中国聚变工程实验堆(Chinese Fusion Engineering Testing Reactor,CFETR)提出了一种新型氦冷固态氚增殖包层设计方案。以托卡马克中平面上一块外包层模块为例,系统介绍了该包层概念设计。基于工程流体力学理论,对包层模块内冷却剂的流动特性进行了理论求解。同时采用计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)软件CFX,对包层模块流体域和固体域进行耦合传热分析,求解得到冷却剂的流动特性和理论计算难以求解的固体域温度场分布。计算结果表明:理论计算与模拟结果吻合程度良好,冷却剂在包层内总压降为243 k Pa,总温升为194.6°C,运行在合理区间;包层各结构材料在正常运行工况下的温度可以满足材料的最高温度限制要求,为该包层方案的进一步结构优化和安全分析提供参考。     

硅酸锂球床传热传质特性与吹扫气体流动的DEM-CFD耦合模拟

氦冷固态增殖包层是中国聚变工程实验堆（CFETR）的3种候选包层概念之一,氚增殖球床是包层的核心部件,采用硅酸锂颗粒作为氚增殖材料。球床结构对氚在球床内的输运行为及流动和传热均有重要影响。本文基于离散单元法（DEM）生成了满足氚增殖球床填充率要求的随机堆积结构,通过CFD计算获取了球床结构下氚在吹扫气体内的等效扩散系数及吹扫气体的流动特性,包括速度分布、压力分布及进出口压降;开展了外加热流及有内热源两种工况下球床等效导热系数的模拟。计算结果表明,球床结构下氚在吹扫气体内的等效扩散系数为二元气体扩散系数的40%;受球床结构影响,球床内存在流动迟滞区,壁面出现流动加速;拟合得到Ergun方程的黏性阻力系数C1=87;有内热源工况下的球床等效导热系数低于外加热流工况下的球床等效导热系数。     

Status and progress of Indian LLCB test blanket systems for ITER

The lead–lithium ceramic breeder (LLCB) TBM and its auxiliary systems are being developed by India for testing in ITER machine. The LLCB TBM consists of lithium titanate as ceramic breeder (CB) material in the form of packed pebble beds. The FW structural material is ferritic martensitic steel cooled by high-pressure helium gas and lead–lithium eutectic (Pb–Li) flowing separately around the ceramic breeder pebble bed to extract the nuclear heat from the CB zones. Low-pressure helium is purged inside the CB zone for in situ extraction of bred tritium. Currently the LLCB blanket design optimization is under progress. The performance of tritium breeding and high-grade heat extraction is being evaluated by neutronic analysis and thermal–hydraulic calculations for different LLCB cooling configurations and geometrical design variants. The LLCB TBM auxiliary systems such as, helium cooling system (HCS), lead–lithium cooling system (LLCS), tritium extraction system (TES) process design are under progress. Safety analysis of the LLCB test blanket system (TBS) is under progress for the contribution to preliminary safety report of ITER-TBMs. This paper will present the status of the LLCB TBM design, process integration design (PID) of the auxiliary systems and preliminary safety analysis results.     

Neutronic investigation and activation calculation for CFETR HCCB blankets

The neutronic calculations and activation behavior of the proposed helium cooled ceramic breeder(HCCB) blanket were predicted for the Chinese Fusion Engineering Testing Reactor(CFETR) design model using the MCNP multi-particle transport code and its associated data library. The tritium self-sufficiency behavior of the HCCB blanket was assessed, addressing several important breeding-related arrangements inside the blankets. Two candidate first wall armor materials were considered to obtain a proper tritium breeding ratio(TBR). Presentations of other neutronic characteristics, including neutron flux, neutron-induced damages in terms of the accumulated dpa and helium production were also conducted. Activation, decay heat levels and contact dose rates of the components were calculated to estimate the neutron-induced radioactivity and personnel safety. The results indicate that neutron radiation is efficiently attenuated and slowed down by components placed between the plasma and toroidal field coil.The dominant nuclides and corresponding isotopes in the structural steel were discussed. A radioactivity comparison between pure beryllium and beryllium with specific impurities was also performed. After a millennium cooling time, the decay heat of all the concerned components and materials is less than 1?×?10-4 k W, and most associated in-vessel components qualify for recycling by remote handling. The results demonstrate that acceptable hands-on recycling and operation still require a further long waiting period to allow the activated products to decay.     

Impact Analysis of Helium Cooled Solid Blanket Structures on the Tritium Breeding Performance in CFETR

Chinese Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) is a test tokamak reactor to bridge the gap between ITER and future fusion power plant. As its objectives are to demonstrate generation of fusion power and to realize tritium self-sufficiency, the tritium breeding ratio (TBR) is a key design parameter. In the blanket design and optimization, the structures such as the first wall (FW), cooling plate (CP), stiffening plate (SP), cap and some other design parameters in detailed 3-D model have significant impacts on the tritium breeding performance. Based on a helium cooled solid breeder blanket option for CFETR, the impact analysis of the helium cooled solid blanket structures on tritium breeding performance was performed in this paper. Firstly, the detailed 3D neutronics model was built by using of a CAD to Monte Carlo Geometry conversion tool McCad. Then based on the detailed 3D neutronics model, the impact analyses of the blanket structures on tritium breeding performance were carried out, which include the FW, CP, SP, cap and side wall. By the sensitivity study of the blanket structures on the TBR, it gave the TBR variation trend and references for the blanket design and optimization.     

Steady State and Transient Analysis of Novel Design Helium Cooled Ceramic Blanket (HCCB) System of China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR)

An upgraded form of China fusion engineering test reactor (CFETR) was investigated for the safety performance. In the current study, modification of the designs were presented with relative tolerance. The steady state were calculated for the new design using Relap5 code. Two accidents were simulated i.e., in-vessel and In-box loss of coolant accident. These accidents were simulated in helium cooled ceramic blanket (HCCB) system for the purpose to investigate the safety measures of the CFETR. It is utmost important to ensure the safety performance of the reactor. In this research, sudden break at blanket system was assumed and calculated different parameters including temperature, pressure and coolant fluxes to observe the differences in pattern during the accident under limited time domain. The research is very important because the design of HCCB is new and there is a need to conduct steady state and transient state of the reactor in order to make sure and authenticate the design and to safer the reactor.     

Analysis of Time-Dependent Tritium Breeding Capability of Water Cooled Ceramic Breeder Blanket for CFETR

Attaining tritium self-sufficiency is an important mission for the Chinese Fusion Engineering Testing Reactor(CFETR) operating on a Deuterium-Tritium(D-T) fuel cycle. It is necessary to study the tritium breeding ratio(TBR) and breeding tritium inventory variation with operation time so as to provide an accurate data for dynamic modeling and analysis of the tritium fuel cycle. A water cooled ceramic breeder(WCCB) blanket is one candidate of blanket concepts for the CFETR. Based on the detailed 3D neutronics model of CFETR with the WCCB blanket,the time-dependent TBR and tritium surplus were evaluated by a coupling calculation of the Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code(MCNP) and the fusion activation code FISPACT-2007.The results indicated that the TBR and tritium surplus of the WCCB blanket were a function of operation time and fusion power due to the Li consumption in breeder and material activation.In addition, by comparison with the results calculated by using the 3D neutronics model and employing the transfer factor constant from 1D to 3D, it is noted that 1D analysis leads to an over-estimation for the time-dependent tritium breeding capability when fusion power is larger than 1000 MW.