尿砷,发砷值与有关因素相互关系的初探

测定尿砷和发砷在防治接砷工人的职业性中毒中有重要意义,但目前国内还没有统一的砷中毒诊断标准。为了探讨尿砷、发砷的参考值及其有关因素,我们对正常无接砷史及接砷工人分别作尿砷、发砷的测定,提出尿砷、发砷的参考值。     

新疆地方性砷中毒地区居民改水前后发砷和尿砷的变化

目的 研究砷在人体内蓄积与排泄的情况,评价改水对地方性砷中毒的影响.方法 于2001年追踪调查新疆奎屯高砷区改水前后35人(男性21人,女性14人)和对照区31人尿砷含量(男性14人,女性17人).另外选择奎屯高砷区44人(男性24人,女性20人),追踪其中21人(男性14人,女性7人)发砷变化;并测定了对照区32人(男性16人,女性16人)发砷含量.尿、发中砷含量的测定均采用二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银比色法.结果 改水前男性、女性的尿砷、发砷水平均高于改水后,经秩和检验,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).改水前7人发砷超标,超标率为33.33%;改水后1人发砷超标,超标率为4.76%.改水后高砷区人群尿砷水平高于对照区,高砷区女性尿砷水平高于对照区,高砷区男性、女性的发砷水平均高于对照区,经秩和检验,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 改水可减少砷在人体内蓄积,降低高砷地区地方性砷中毒的流行.     

某锡冶炼企业接砷工人尿砷水平分析

从某锡冶炼厂随机选择健康的职工作为研究对象,采用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法检测尿中砷含量。尿砷中位数为268.34μg/L,男女尿砷中位数分别为274.97μg/L、250.01μg/L,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。尿砷含量与工龄、年龄均不相关(P0.05),且各车间工人尿砷含量差异亦无统计学意义。尿砷超标工人的临床表现以类神经症和皮肤损害为主,提示应加强暴露人群尿砷监测,发现高危人群及时调离砷接触岗位。     

尿形态砷在砷暴露员工职业健康检查中的应用研究

目的通过对职业砷暴露作业工人健康指标及尿总砷(TAs)、尿形态砷水平测定分析,初步揭示人体内形态砷对人体健康的影响。方法选择2家有色金属冶炼企业(铅冶炼、锡冶炼各1)砷暴露作业工人(暴露组)137人为研究对象。暴露组中铅冶炼组40人,锡冶炼组97人;无砷接触者(小学教师)42人为对照组,进行尿总砷及尿价态砷测定及健康监护,并测定作业场所砷化合物浓度。并对尿总砷、尿价态砷与健康检查结果进行分析。结果暴露组锡、铅两冶炼厂检测岗位平均砷化合物浓度均超过国家职业卫生标准,分别为0.52 mg/m3、0.20 mg/m3;暴露组的TAs、DMA(二甲基砷酸盐)含量与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);暴露组及对照组尿中价态砷主要以DMA为主,均占形态砷含量的90%以上;车间空气中的砷化合物浓度与砷暴露工人尿总砷、DMA成正相关关系。随着总砷、DMA浓度的升高,转氨酶升高、血红细胞下降趋势;肝脏B超及心电图异常检出率亦随之升高。结论砷暴露的作业工人随着接触砷浓度增高,体内总砷、DMA随之增高,形态砷(特别是DMA)对肝脏、心脏、肾脏、红细胞等损害作用越明显。说明形态砷(特别是DMA)与砷暴露作业工人身体健康有一定的关系,因此,为进一步阐明形态砷的毒性作用,有必要在砷暴露作业工人职业健康体检中行尿形态砷检查。     

应用10％抽样法判定高砷暴露区的研究

目的　研究以 10 %抽样率检测井水中砷浓度判定高砷暴露区 (村、屯 )的方法是否具有代表性。方法　选择山西、内蒙 31个已确定的高砷暴露村 ,应用现场快速检测试剂盒对压把井井水中砷浓度进行测定。根据各村水井分布图 ,按东、南、西、北、中将每村划分为 5个区 ,应用盲法在每个区中随机抽样。以水砷浓度 >0 .0 5 mg/ L作为超标井 ,计算抽样超标率。与实际超标率进行比较 ,评价 10 %抽样法对实际检出率的代表性。结果　在水井实际超标率不低于 5 %的情况下 ,10 %抽样法检出率与实际检出率之间差异无显著性 ,可以较好的代表实际检出率。而在实际超标率低于 5 %时 ,此方法对实际情况的代表性较差。结论　 10 %抽样法在实际超标率 >5 %时可以较好的　　　　　　代表实际情况     

2017年-2018年临沂市常见食品中重金属和砷的污染调查分析

目的调查临沂市2017年-2018年常见食品中铅、镉、汞等重金属和砷的污染现状。方法按照国家标准检测方法检测食品中铅、镉、汞、砷的含量,并对检测结果评价。结果检测食品575份,共检测铅、镉、汞、砷2 285项次,检出铅、镉、汞、砷114项次,总检出率为4.98%,超标8项次,总超标率为0.35%。各监测项目中超标率从高到低依次为铅、镉、汞、砷,各类监测食品中,检出率从高到低依次为茶叶、豆类、蔬菜、水果,其余未检出。共检测食品中铅样品560份,5份超标样品,超标率为0.89%,其中豆类样品超标率最高,为3.00%;共检测食品中镉样品575份,3份超标样品,超标率为0.52%,其中豆类样品超标率最高,为1.00%;共检测食品中汞、砷样品575份,均未超标。结论临沂市常见食品中重金属和砷的污染程度较低,但仍存在一定程度的重金属污染,应引起关注并加强监管。     

接砷工人发砷尿砷含量与工种关系初探

长期吸入含砷化合物的粉尘或气体作业工人，可引起砷在体内蓄积，发生慢性砷中毒，甚至引起神经末梢炎、皮质角化症，严重者可诱发癌症[1]。为了解锡林浩特锡铜矿作业工人体内砷蓄积的情况，我们于1992年对该矿进行了卫生学调查，并对不同工种的作业工人进行了发砷、尿砷含量的检测分析。现将结果报告如下。1对象与方法本次共对锡铜矿不同工种的133名作业工人进行了头发和尿液的采样。共采集发样133份（被检者发际枕部头发），尿样95份（即时尿）。检测采用银盐法[7]。2结果与分析该矿不同工种的作业工人发砷平均值均高于正常参考值（0．6mg…     

砷冶炼厂工人皮肤损害与尿中砷甲基化产物的关系

目的探讨职业砷接触致皮肤病发生与尿中砷甲基化产物的关系。方法选择偏远山区冶炼厂为研究现场,暴露组为91名工人,对照组58人。监测作业场所工作岗位中砷化合物浓度,进行健康监护体检和尿砷形态分析,计算3种砷化合物百分率及一、二级甲基化指数。结果冶炼厂所有检测岗位砷化合物浓度均超过国家职业卫生标准,91名工人中36人存在明显慢性砷中毒样皮肤损害,尿中3种砷化合物(无机砷、甲基砷酸、二甲基砷酸)浓度(Log10)分别为(2.18±0.40)、(2.26±0.35)和(2.77±0.31)μg/g肌酐,明显示高于接砷但无皮肤损害的工人及对照组工人,差异均有统计学意义,冶炼厂存在皮肤损害的工人尿中甲基砷酸浓度占总砷百分率和二级甲基化指数均明显高于其他工人。结论尿中甲基化产物在冶炼厂工人皮肤损害中具有重要作用,二级甲基化指数与砷致皮肤损害有关。     

江苏省泗洪县高砷区尿砷和发砷含量调查

目的研究泗洪县高砷区居民体内砷的蓄积与排泄情况。方法在泗洪县选择一个高砷村和一个对照村,在每个村分别采集不少于20名30岁以上成年人的尿和头发样品,测定其砷含量。结果高砷村的尿砷、发砷含量明显高于对照村(P<0.05)。高砷村的男性尿砷、发砷含量和女性比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。高砷村尿砷含量、发砷含量和年龄之间存在正相关(P<0.05)。结论泗洪县长期暴露于高砷环境但没有出现任何症状的人群,尿砷含量和发砷含量都要明显高于当地非病区正常值,且尿砷含量、发砷含量随着年龄增长而增加。     

砷冶炼车间砷危害动态观察

长期吸入砷化合物可发生慢性砷中毒,发生早晚及程度与车间空气砷浓度大致呈平行关系。不脱离砷接触时尿砷可作为砷中毒诊断的重要指标,对尿砷超标者行驱砷治疗可降低砷中毒发病率。     

Acute arsenic intoxication from environmental arsenic exposure

Reports of acute arsenic poisoning arising from environmental exposure are rare. Two cases of acute arsenic intoxication resulting from ingestion of contaminated well water are described. These patients experienced a variety of problems: acute gastrointestinal symptoms, central and peripheral neurotoxicity, bone marrow suppression, hepatic toxicity, and mild mucous membrane and cutaneous changes. Although located adjacent to an abandoned mine, the well water had been tested for microorganisms only and was found to be "safe." Regulations for testing of water from private wells for fitness to drink are frequently nonexistent, or only mandate biologic tests for microorganisms. Well water, particularly in areas near mining activity, should be tested for metals.     

Urinary arsenic species, toenail arsenic, and arsenic intake estimates in a Michigan population with low levels of arsenic in drinking water

The large disparity between arsenic concentrations in drinking water and urine remains unexplained. This study aims to evaluate predictors of urinary arsenic in a population exposed to low concentrations (≤50?μg/l) of arsenic in drinking water. Urine and drinking water samples were collected from a subsample (n=343) of a population enrolled in a bladder cancer case-control study in southeastern Michigan. Total arsenic in water and arsenic species in urine were determined using ICP-MS: arsenobetaine (AsB), arsenite (As[III]), arsenate (As[V]), methylarsenic acid (MMA[V]), and dimethylarsenic acid (DMA[V]). The sum of As[III], As[V], MMA[V], and DMA[V] was denoted as SumAs. Dietary information was obtained through a self-reported food intake questionnaire. Log(10)-transformed drinking water arsenic concentration at home was a significant (P<0.0001) predictor of SumAs (R(2)=0.18). Associations improved (R(2)=0.29, P<0.0001) when individuals with less than 1?μg/l of arsenic in drinking water were removed and further improved when analyses were applied to individuals who consumed amounts of home drinking water above the median volume (R(2)=0.40, P<0.0001). A separate analysis indicated that AsB and DMA[V] were significantly correlated with fish and shellfish consumption, which may suggest that seafood intake influences DMA[V] excretion. The Spearman correlation between arsenic concentration in toenails and SumAs was 0.36 and between arsenic concentration in toenails and arsenic concentration in water was 0.42. Results show that arsenic exposure from drinking water consumption is an important determinant of urinary arsenic concentrations, even in a population exposed to relatively low levels of arsenic in drinking water, and suggest that seafood intake may influence urinary DMA[V] concentrations.     

砷中毒地区外环境砷暴露水平的研究现状

地方性砷中毒是一种严重危害病区居民健康的地方病.根据砷源不同,分为饮水型职业性砷中毒、燃煤型职业性砷中毒和职业性砷中毒.饮水型地方性砷中毒主要是由于长期暴露于饮用水中的砷而引起的慢性砷中毒.饮水中的砷还可以通过农田灌溉等引起粮食、土壤等砷浓度的升高,间接危害居民健康.在以往的研究中发现,饮水型砷中毒地区饮用水砷超标,不...     

Binational arsenic exposure survey: methodology and estimated arsenic intake from drinking water and urinary arsenic concentrations

The Binational Arsenic Exposure Survey (BAsES) was designed to evaluate probable arsenic exposures in selected areas of southern Arizona and northern Mexico, two regions with known elevated levels of arsenic in groundwater reserves. This paper describes the methodology of BAsES and the relationship between estimated arsenic intake from beverages and arsenic output in urine. Households from eight communities were selected for their varying groundwater arsenic concentrations in Arizona, USA and Sonora, Mexico. Adults responded to questionnaires and provided dietary information. A first morning urine void and water from all household drinking sources were collected. Associations between urinary arsenic concentration (total, organic, inorganic) and estimated level of arsenic consumed from water and other beverages were evaluated through crude associations and by random effects models. Median estimated total arsenic intake from beverages among participants from Arizona communities ranged from 1.7 to 14.1 μg/day compared to 0.6 to 3.4 μg/day among those from Mexico communities. In contrast, median urinary inorganic arsenic concentrations were greatest among participants from Hermosillo, Mexico (6.2 μg/L) whereas a high of 2.0 μg/L was found among participants from Ajo, Arizona. Estimated arsenic intake from drinking water was associated with urinary total arsenic concentration (p < 0.001), urinary inorganic arsenic concentration (p < 0.001), and urinary sum of species (p < 0.001). Urinary arsenic concentrations increased between 7% and 12% for each one percent increase in arsenic consumed from drinking water. Variability in arsenic intake from beverages and urinary arsenic output yielded counter intuitive results. Estimated intake of arsenic from all beverages was greatest among Arizonans yet participants in Mexico had higher urinary total and inorganic arsenic concentrations. Other contributors to urinary arsenic concentrations should be evaluated.     

污染区人群砷累积暴露量及与砷中毒的关系砷污染区人群砷累积暴露量的估计

利用人群流行病学调查资料 ,通过估计人群累积呼吸量和大米食用量的方法 ,估算了污染区人群经呼吸和饮食的累积砷暴露量。并对如何评价人群环境污染物暴露水平的方法进行了探讨。不考虑非污染期经呼吸道的砷暴露时 ,所估计的污染区人群最大累积砷暴露量 ,经呼吸道途径 ,女性为 5 91 4mg ,男性为6 12 9mg。消化道途径为 34 88 74mg,合计女性为 40 80 14mg ,男性为 410 1 6 6mg。按污染时间折算成每日暴露量 :女性为 34 9 1μg (天·人 ) ,男性为 35 0 9μg (天·人 ) ,约为调查时所计算日均暴露量的 80 %左右     

Airborne arsenic and urinary excretion of metabolites of inorganic arsenic among smelter workers

Summary The relationship between airborne concentrations of arsenic and the urinary excretion of inorganic arsenic metabolites (inorganic arsenic + methylarsonic acid + dimethylarsinic acid) have been studied among smelter workers exposed to arsenic trioxide. The urinary concentrations of arsenic metabolites were found to increase steadily during the first day of the working week (after 2–3 d off from work), whereafter they reached a steady state. The concentration in the late evening after a day of exposure was very similar to that in the early morning after. Both were well correlated to the total daily excretion. In the second part of the study, comprising 18 subjects, the first-void morning urine of each participant was collected for 2 to 3 d during the steady-state phase. Total concentration of arsenic in the breathing zones was measured by personal air samplers. Airborne arsenic (8-h values) varied between 1 and 194 g As/m³, and urinary arsenic between 16 and 328 g As/g creatinine. With the urinary arsenic concentrations (mean values of 2–3 d for each subject) plotted against the corresponding airborne arsenic concentrations, the best fit was obtained by a power curve with the equation y = 17 x x^0.56. However, four of the participants were found to excrete far more (105–260%) arsenic in the urine than possibly could have been inhaled, most likely due to oral intake of arsenic via contaminated hands, cigarettes or snuff. If these four were excluded, the best fit was obtained by a straight regression line with the slope 2.0 and the intercept 29 g As/g creatinine (coefficient of correlation 0.92; P < 0.001).