基于硫系玻璃的大视场红外光学系统无热化设计

在大视场红外光学系统中,基于普通红外光学材料实现的光学被动无热化系统存在透镜数量多且不易实现轻量化、小型化的技术问题。为解决这个问题,采用硫系玻璃与常用红外材料组合来实现光学被动无热化,并设计了一种视场为40°×32.5°、工作波段为8~12 μm、F数为1.0、工作温度范围为-55℃~+70℃的小型化非制冷红外成像光学系统。设计结果表明,该系统结构简单紧凑、成像性能良好,在空间频率42 1p/mm处的调制传递函数(Modulation Transfer Function, MTF)值大于0.3,能够满足实际工程应用的需求。     

微型长波红外无热化光学系统设计

为了使微小型无人机光电吊舱能够实现红外热成像系统小型化并适应不同的环境条件,基于光学被动无热化方式,通过合理分配不同材料透镜的光焦度并同时引入衍射面,设计了一种工作波段为8～12 m、视场为24.5°×19.7°、F数为1.0的非制冷无热化红外成像光学系统。该系统由四片透镜组成,其总重量仅为35 g。光学系统的总长度为38 mm。结果表明,本文系统具有结构简单紧凑、后截距大、成像良好等特点,在30 1p/mm空间频率处的调制传递函数(Modulation Transfer Function, MTF)值大于0.3,满足应用需求。     

用于森林防火的大面阵中波红外系统无热化设计

森林防火的关键是通过火灾实时监测系统有效预测森林各区域的火灾风险。通过分析无人机在森林防火中的应用,提出了一种基于无人机的森林火灾实时监测中波红外相机系统。该系统的焦距为75 mm,工作波段为3.7~4.8 μm,F数为2.0,可匹配像元尺寸为12 μm×12 μm的1280×1024元制冷型中波红外焦平面阵列探测器。在光学设计中采用3种红外光学材料（硅、硒化锌和锗）的组合,并引入3个偶次非球面。通过优化设计实现了光学被动无热化功能。设计结果表明,在-60~100℃温度范围内,空间频率41.7 lp/mm处各视场的调制传递函数(Modulation Transfer Function, MTF)均大于或接近0.4,成像质量良好。这种中波红外系统的成像质量与分辨率高,视场范围大,具有宽温度范围的自适应性,结构紧凑且易装调,在森林防火领域有着广泛的应用前景。     

大相对孔径变焦红外光学系统无热化设计

随环境温度变化红外镜头会产生热离焦现象,一般定焦红外光学系统可通过多种红外材料组合或引入衍射面来实现光学被动式无热化设计,而变焦红外光学系统大多是通过移动透镜组来实现机械主动式无热化设计。文中根据光学变焦原理和光学被动式无热化原理,提出一种变焦光学被动式无热化设计方法,并采用该方法设计了一种大相对孔径双视场无热化长波红外光学系统。该系统焦距为25/50 mm（变倍比为2:1）,工作波段为8~12 μm,F数为0.9,可匹配640×512,像元为17 μm×17 μm的非制冷红外焦平面阵列探测器。光学设计中采用3种红外光学材料（硫系玻璃HWS6、硒化锌和锗）组合,并引入3个偶次非球面,实现变焦无热化设计。设计结果表明:该系统在宽温度范围内具有良好的成像效果和温度自适应性,在空间频率30 lp/mm处,-50℃~80℃温度范围内各视场MTF均大于0.3。该红外光学系统结构简单、工艺良好,在红外车载领域有着广泛应用前景。     

折反式中波红外双视场变焦系统无热化设计

利用折/衍混合透镜实现了宽温度范围双视场变焦系统的光学被动无热设计。系统工作波段为3～5 m,使用320240红外制冷探测器,像元大小为30 m30 m,焦距为400 mm和800 mm两档,F数分别为2和4。两系统通过机械结构改变冷光栏大小分别实现100%冷光栏效率。在两档共用组份采用一片折衍混合透镜,对双视场系统两焦距位置消热差,实现了一个衍射面对两档系统的无热化设计,结构简单。设计结果表明:在-40 ～60 ℃温度范围内,空间频率18 lp/mm处系统MTF值接近衍射极限,成像质量良好,实现了双视场变焦系统的无热化设计。     

折反式周视红外成像系统光学设计

为增大周视成像系统视场的同时有效降低红外光学系统的复杂度,采用折反式光学结构,通过反射镜及透镜光焦度的合理分配,引入衍射面。分别设计了视场为360°×（-40°～50°）的折反式一次成像非制冷红外周视成像光学系统及视场为360°×（-30°～50°）的折反式二次成像光学系统。其工作波段为8～12 μm,光学系统F数为1.2。该系统可实现360°全方位和一定俯仰角度范围内凝视成像。设计结果表明,该系统的结构简单紧凑,后截距大,成像良好,在空间频率20 1p/mm处的调制传递函数(Modulated Transfer Function, MTF)值大于0.4,能满足应用需求。     

紧凑型中波红外成像系统无热化设计

红外成像光学系统应用日益广泛,并且对小型化有了更高要求,因此提出一种紧凑型中波红外成像系统的无热化光学设计。首先针对需求对光学参数进行了分析与计算,根据参数要求采用卡塞格林系统缩短系统纵向尺寸,然后用中继透镜组校正像差,考虑到透镜易于加工、成本低,中继透镜组采用全球面面型,最终实现了卡塞格林系统的次镜到红外探测器之间的尺寸小于47 mm,使系统足够紧凑。通过合理选择材料以及光焦度的分配,推导光学被动消热差方程,计算出系统的初始结构,利用Zemax光学设计软件进行优化,最终实现波段为3.7~4.8?m,视场为3°×3°,温度范围-40℃~+50℃消热差结果,在空间频率17 lp?mm-1处,各视场光学调制函数(MTF)值均大于0.5。     

使用简单机械结构实现红外光学系统无热化

为了介绍简单机械结构实现红外光学系统无热化的原理和方法,首先简单比较了国内外进行红外光学系统无热化设计的三种方法,然后给出了在红外3～5μm波段、3°视场范围和-40～60℃工作温度范围下经过无热化设计后的系统设计结果。结果表明,使用简单机械结构,不仅能在较大视场和较宽的工作温度范围内获得接近衍射极限的成像质量,而且系统结构简单,工作可靠。     

中波红外无热化镜头的设计与制造

无热化技术是保证工作在非设计温度下光学仪器性能的关键所在。与主动无热化技术和光学被动无热化技术相比,机械被动无热化技术在红外光学系统消热设计中具有一定的优势。在光学、机械仿真的基础上,镜头采用高膨胀系数的塑形材料以及合理的结构设计实现了无热化设计与制造。测试与试验表明,该镜头在-40 ℃~+60 ℃工作温度范围内具有良好的成像质量。     

便携式多波段共孔径光学设计

设计了一款非制冷便携式可见光/红外双光系统,基于共孔径的方式,实现可见光、红外双波段同时观察的目的;可见光光路选用1280×1024的CCD,像元尺寸为3.45μm,视场角为60°,工作波段为486～656nm,光学传递函数值在空间频率50 lp/mm处达到0.3以上;红外光路选用640×512非制冷探测器,像元尺寸为17μm,视场角为60°,工作波段为8000～12000nm,光学传递函数值在空间频率30 lp/mm处达到0.3以上;整个光学系统尺寸约为160mm×100mm×50mm,满足高性能、高集成、小型化、重量轻,无视差等要求。实验证明,该系统在可见光和红外波段均具有良好成像效果,具有较强的市场竞争力。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.