武汉市居民购买保健食品影响因素分析

目的 分析居民购买保健食品行为及影响因素,为居民理性消费保健食品提供参考依据.方法 在武汉市6个区抽取1 530名居民进行保健食品消费现况调查.结果 居民购买保健食品的原因依次为送家庭成员使用（29.5％）、送外人使用（29.3％）和自己服用（28.5％）;购买保健食品依据为广告宣传（47.2％）、家人或熟人介绍（38.4％）和产品标签或说明书（37.5％）,居民主要关注保健食品的功能（62.0％）、品牌（57.1％）和价格（50.0％）;年花费1 000元以上购买保健食品的仅占20.8％.影响保健食品购买行为的因素有年龄、职业、文化程度、月收入、相信保健品的疗效、购买保健品意愿、对保健食品的认知程度和是否有必要了解保健食品知识.结论 居民购买保健食品行为与收入、年龄、认知及态度关系密切,居民对保健食品的理性消费需要进一步培养.     

武汉市居民保健食品认知度及相关健康风险调查分析

目的 了解消费者对保健食品认知情况,调查消费者服用保健食品出现不良反应情况,为控制保健食品的健康风险提供参考依据.方法 在武汉市6个区抽取1 530名保健食品消费者进行现况调查.结果 消费者保健食品知识知晓度好、中、差所占比例分别为41.50％、44.84％、13.66％;相信保健食品疗效的消费者占38.04％;仅有17.32％的人认为服用保健食品存在健康风险;调查还显示,有10.29％的服用对象出现过至少1种以上的不良反应,出现恶心症状的比例最高,占22.14％,其次是烦躁（14.12％）和失眠（13.74％）.结论 武汉市消费者保健食品知识知晓程度并不理想,服用保健食品还是存在一定的健康风险.     

贵阳市居民保健食品的知信行及影响因素分析

目的 了解贵阳市居民对保健食品的知信行情况,分析居民保健食品消费的影响因素,同时为保健食品市场发展提供参考依据。 方法 2015年11月-2016年3月采取分层整群随机抽样方法抽取贵阳市6个社区,对410户家庭,1 163名居民进行保健食品问卷调查。 结果 被调查者对保健食品知识、态度、行为总平均分分别为(9.33±4.67)、(4.27±2.29)和(0.58±0.68)分;对保健食品的原料构成情况掌握情况最差,正确率仅为11.70%;相关分析结果显示,居民保健食品知识、态度、行为间呈正相关(r=0.402、0.238,均P=0.000),态度与行为亦呈正相关(r=0.327,P=0.000);多因素回归分析显示知识和态度得分、收入水平是影响保健食品购买的主要因素。 结论 贵阳市居民对保健食品知识掌握较差,行为不尽合理,而态度较好;居民倾向选择增强免疫力、补充维生素、改善睡眠等种类;关注保健食品的安全性、疗效及品牌等。     

乌鲁木齐市社区居民对全科医师签约服务的意愿及其影响因素

目的了解居民对全科医师签约服务的意愿及主要的影响因素,以便今后改善相关的工作,为居民提供更好的签约服务。方法于2014—2016年对乌鲁木齐市5个社区居民采取主动和被动调查方式进行问卷调查,观察对签约全科医师的意愿,以及分析影响其意愿的因素。结果调查的1 158人中,愿意签约全科医师的有933人(80.6%),主要影响因素为民族、职业、是否选择固定全科医师、知晓度、社区首诊接受度(P<0.01)、医疗保障形式(P<0.05)。选择相对固定的全科医师的居民占85.8%,有52.9%的社区居民知晓本社区卫生服务机构开展签约全科医生制服务,接受社区首诊的居民占77.5%。结论社区居民对签约全科医师的意愿度较高。今后应对不同民族、职业、保障形式的居民进行不同的宣传,提高居民的知晓率;完善服务内容,提高家庭医生整体素质和服务能力;推行社区首诊制度,进一步提高意愿度。     

黑龙江省居民对保健食品的需求现状分析

<正> 为了进一步了解消费者对保健食品的需求及知识、行为,掌握现阶段保健食品生产与消费需求之间存在的问题,评价保健食品的发展并预测今后的趋势,为国家制订政策及社会发展规划,提供科学信息。黑龙江省于1997年4～9月在哈尔滨及地理位置偏北、经济发展水平适中的中等城市佳木斯市进行了居民对保健食品需求情况的调查,并对所调查的2100名居民需求行为进行分析。1 一般情况 在2市共调查了17个单位,包括行政事业(5个,604人)、工厂企业(3个,599人)、商业机构(3个,299人)、学校(3     

通州区18岁及以下居民营养素补充剂服用情况调查

目的了解北京市通州区18岁及以下居民营养素补充剂服用情况,为重点人群营养素补充剂暴露量评估和营养健康教育提供依据。方法以北京市通州区通州镇8个居委会各100名18岁及以下居民为调查对象,采用中国营养学会"居民营养素补充剂使用指南研究专项"《中国居民补充营养素行为调查问卷》入户调查,分析营养素补充剂服用率及影响因素、服用种类和服用频率等。结果 18岁及以下居民营养素补充剂服用率为44.16%;0～5岁、6～12岁和13～18岁居民服用率分别为45.56%、42.86%和41.00%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);男性服用率为44.82%,女性为43.49%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,家庭年人均收入5万元(OR=1.688,95%CI:1.171～2.435)和父母服用营养素补充剂(OR=4.104,95%CI:3.023～5.573)是18岁及以下居民服用营养素补充剂的促进因素。钙、维生素D和复合维生素服用率较高,分别为26.10%、21.56%和8.31%;服用种数以1～2种为主,272人占80.00%;服用频率以几乎每天为主,200人占58.82%。结论通州区18岁及以下居民营养素补充剂服用率为44.16%;服用营养素补充剂与家庭经济条件、父母是否服用营养素补充剂有关;以服用钙和维生素D补充剂为主。     

新型冠状病毒流行期间湖北省居民焦虑状况及影响因素分析

目的 了解新型冠状病毒流行期间湖北省居民的焦虑状况并分析其影响因素。 方法 本研究为横断面调查研究,以“问卷星”的形式随机抽样调查湖北省武汉市以及湖北省其他地市州的居民。采用自行设计的一般资料问卷和焦虑自评量表(Self-Rating Anxiety Scale,SAS)进行调查。采用单因素分析和多重线性回归分析来探讨湖北省居民焦虑的影响因素。 结果 本次调查共回收有效问卷1 393份;湖北省居民SAS粗分得分(30.04±6.61)分,标准分得分(37.55±8.27)分。焦虑阳性检出人数111人,占总人数的8.0%,其中轻度、中度、重度焦虑分别占6.5%、1.1%、0.4%。湖北省武汉市居民SAS得分高于全国常模(P<0.05),而湖北省其他地市州居民SAS得分和全国常模差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);性别、婚姻状况、文化程度、自认身体状况、对治疗的信心、对现居地疫情防控措施是否满意是湖北省居民焦虑的影响因素(P<0.05)。 结论 湖北省居民心理状况总体上较为乐观,但武汉市居民的焦虑状况较平时严重,应引起重视。     

消费者对保健食品的消费行为调查分析

随着经济的发展,人们的饮食结构开始由“温饱型”向“营养保健型”转变。为适应人们日益增长的营养保健需求,保健食品业得到飞速发展。然而近年来保健食品管理混乱,发展无序的状况越来越严重,并成为制约保健食品健康发展的重要因素。为了解消费者对保健食品的消费行为,分析影响保健食品发展的有关因素,为正确引导保健食品的消费和开发提供科学依据,1998年5月对济南市的保健食品消费者进行了抽样调查,结果报告如下。1 材料和方法1·1 调查对象 本次调查采用整群随机抽样的方法选择调查对象。在济南市市区内随机抽取综合商场、食品商店、药店和保健食品专营批发市场各1～2处作为调查点,对正在调查     

上海市某社区大肠癌筛查阳性居民知信行现状及肠镜检查意愿

【目的】了解大肠癌筛查阳性居民的大肠癌及其筛查知识、信念及行为现状,探讨居民肠镜检查参与意愿的影响因素。【方法】选取上海某社区2016年首次参加大肠癌筛查,并且筛查结果为阳性的居民共149名为调查对象,采用自行设计的问卷,以集中现场调查和入户调查相结合的形式对大肠癌筛查阳性居民进行调查。问卷内容包括居民的基本情况、大肠癌及其筛查的知信行情况和肠镜检查参与意愿情况。【结果】阳性居民的大肠癌及其筛查知识得分较好、一般、较差分别为34名(占22.8%)、38名(占25.5%)、77名(占51.7%);信念得分较好、一般、较差分别为12名(8.1%)、63名(42.3%)、74名(49.6%);在后续肠镜检查意愿方面,其中仅筛查危险度评估表阳性、仅便隐血阳性、评估表和便隐血均阳性的愿意去做肠镜检查的人数分别为82名(占55.03%)、87名(58.38%)、92名(占61.74%)。Spearman秩相关分析显示,知识与信念(rS=0.257,P0.05),知识与肠镜检查参与意愿(rS=0.345,P0.05),信念与肠镜检查参与意愿(rS=0.331,P0.05)间均呈正相关关系。不同性别、医保类型、月收入、体检次数、健康关注程度、到定点医院时间和就近二级医院的时间居民的肠镜检查意愿比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);不同知识、信念得分的居民肠镜检查意愿比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。二分类非条件logistic回归分析显示,仅知识得分和信念得分对大肠癌筛查阳性居民的肠镜检查参与意愿的影响有统计学意义(P0.05)。【结论】该社区居民大肠癌筛查知识、信念、行为水平均需提高,筛查知识及筛查信念是阳性居民进一步做肠镜检查意愿的影响因素。     

山东省保健食品消费现状及影响因素分析

目的了解山东省保健食品消费现况和影响因素。方法采用分层随机整群抽样方法,在山东省4个城市抽取586名保健食品消费者进行保健食品消费状况调查。结果广播电视是消费者获得保健食品知识的主要途径;产品说明书和标签是消费者购买保健食品的主要依据;消费者倾向购买的保健食品功能和剂型分别为：补充营养素、免疫调节、改善记忆;口服液、胶囊、茶等。多因素分析表明,家庭人均月收入高者、对保健食品信任程度高者及保健食品知识了解程度好者其保健食品消费水平较高。结论家庭人均月收入、对保健食品的信任度、保健食品知识的了解程度是影响消费者保健食品使用的重要因素。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.