非奇异快速终端滑模液位跟踪控制

针对传统终端滑模控制中控制输入奇异和收敛时间长的问题,提出了一种非奇异快速终端滑模(NFTSM)控制方法.该方法由NFTSM滑模面和控制律组成.在此框架下,首先通过在非奇异终端滑模面中引入指数函数和符号函数来设计NFTSM滑模面,其中指数函数用来加快状态远离平衡点时的收敛速度,符号函数用来提升系统稳定性.然后,基于NFTSM滑模面来设计由等效控制输入和切换控制输入构成的NFTSM控制律,该控制律具有能同时实现控制输入非奇异和系统状态有限时间内快速收敛的优势.最后,根据给出的耦合双容水箱模型数学描述,将NFTSM方法应用于耦合双容水箱液位控制中,设计了NFTSM液位跟踪控制器.仿真证明,在存在外扰且参数摄动25%条件下,该控制系统仍能精确跟踪给定液位,表明了NFTSM控制方法的有效性和鲁棒性.     

一类非线性系统的模糊自适应反推滑模控制

针对一类具有非匹配不确定非线性系统,提出一种模糊自适应反推滑模变结构控制方法。首先利用模糊逻辑系统有效逼近系统的未知非线性,然后针对反推方法中需要对虚拟控制反复求导而存在的"微分爆炸"现象引入低阶滤波器,同时抑制非匹配不确定性的影响;最后设计一种积分终端滑模控制,解决了控制过程中的奇异问题,加快了远离平衡位置的系统状态收敛速度,保证了系统的收敛精度,同时削弱了传统滑模控制中存在的抖振现象。Lyapunov稳定性分析证明了所设计的控制器能够保证闭环系统的有限时间收敛。对比仿真结果显示系统状态跟踪效果较好,控制输入抖振现象削弱明显。     

变速恒频双馈风力发电机并网的复合控制

针对变速恒频风力发电机并网系统,提出了一种基于终端滑模和扩张状态观测器的转子电流复合控制方法.终端滑模控制不仅可以使得系统状态在有限时间内到达滑模面,而且使得状态在有限时间内沿着滑模面收敛到平衡点,使得发电机转子的d轴电流、q轴电流在有限时间内到达参考值,实现快速收敛和更好的跟踪精度.采用扩张状态观测器观测出系统扰动并进行前馈补偿,这有利于减小终端滑模控制所需要的切换增益而削弱可能的抖振现象,使系统得到更平滑的定子电压波形.仿真结果表明,该复合控制策略对参数摄动和扰动具有更强的鲁棒性,并网系统具有优良的动态性能.     

基于固定时间终端滑模控制的塔吊防摆定位研究

为了提高受外部干扰的四自由度欠驱动塔吊系统防摆定位控制性能和鲁棒性能，研究了基于固定时间收敛理论的非奇异快速终端滑模控制(Non-singular fast terminal sliding mode control, NFTSMC)方法。设计了一种非奇异快速终端滑模面，可避免控制器在系统状态接近平衡点时发生奇异。为有效抑制滑模控制器的抖振效应，设计了一种弱抖振固定时间趋近律。在此基础上，提出了一种基于固定时间分层滑模的塔吊防摆控制方法，并利用Lyapunov理论证明了闭环系统的固定时间有界。最后仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性。     

基于趋近律的力矩电机终端滑模轨迹跟踪控制

针对终端滑模控制的抖振及收敛缓慢问题,提出一种基于改进趋近律的快速非奇异终端滑模控制(FNTSM)策略,将提出的控制策略应用于直流力矩电机的跟踪控制,设计了FNTSM轨迹跟踪控制器.仿真结果表明:在负载扰动力矩影响下,该算法能有效地抑制抖振,准确跟踪目标轨迹,使跟踪误差在有限时间内收敛到零;此外,与基于指数趋近律、快速平滑趋近律的普通非奇异终端滑模相比,具有更好的趋近性能和更快的收敛速度,验证了所提算法的有效性和优越性.     

二自由度关节型机器人的自适应模糊滑模控制

针对二自由度关节型机器人控制问题,通过分析传统滑模控制的不足,提出一种自适应模糊滑模控制算法。采用自适应单输入单输出模糊系统来计算控制增益,同时设计了基于Lyapunov稳定性理论的自适应律,最后利用Simulink软件对自适应模糊滑模控制进行仿真实验。结果表明,机器人各关节控制力矩的抖振现象明显减弱,系统性能得到提升;自适应算法的加入使模糊滑模控制能在短时间内随着系统状态的变化自动地进行调节,稳态收敛为常数;在关节型机器人参数不确定和存在外界干扰的情况下,自适应模糊滑模控制算法依然具有良好的鲁棒性和跟踪精度。     

基于饱和函数的机械臂模糊滑模趋近律设计

为了削弱机械臂滑模控制中的抖振现象,提出了模糊趋近律的控制方法.利用模糊控制器实时调整滑模控制的趋近律参数,并将饱和函数引入趋近律的设计中,设计了一种新型趋近律.该方法既保证了控制系统的快速性和鲁棒性,又能够有效地削弱抖振,另外,控制系统设计简单,便于工程应用.仿真结果表明,该控制策略不仅有效地抑制了系统的抖振,而且保...     

基于固定时间非奇异终端滑模的汽车主动前轮转向系统控制

针对汽车主动前轮转向系统(active front steering, AFS)中的安全控制问题,提出一种基于固定时间非奇异终端滑模的主动前轮转向控制器.将固定时间终端滑模与幂次趋近律相结合设计一种新的固定时间非奇异终端滑模控制器,以实现系统的快速稳定控制和削弱系统稳态时的抖振,使得闭环系统的收敛时间仅取决于滑模面及控制器的参数设计,而与系统的初始值无关.基于Lyapunov稳定性理论验证了闭环系统的稳定性.仿真结果表明,所提固定时间终端滑模控制方法的快速性和稳定性均优于传统滑模控制和PI控制方法.     

新型非奇异终端滑模观测器的永磁同步电机无传感器控制

为了实现对永磁同步电机无位置矢量控制系统所需的转子位置和速度的准确估计,提出一种基于跟踪微分器的新型非奇异快速终端滑模观测器(NFTSMO)。首先,构建积分型非奇异快速终端滑模面,使电流观测误差在有限时间内快速收敛到零,避免了终端滑模存在的奇异问题及传统非奇异终端滑模面中微分状态带来的噪声;然后,结合具有终端吸引子的低抖振切换控制设计滑模控制律,经过跟踪微分器获得平滑的反电动势估算值,减小了传统滑模观测器中低通滤波器引起的相位滞后;最后,基于锁相环原理,从观测的反电动势中调制出转子位置和速度信息。仿真结果表明,采用文中提出的新型滑模观测器可以实现对永磁同步电机转速的准确估计,转速最大估计误差在±1r/min之间,且估计的转子位置无相位滞后,误差小,系统动、静态响应好。与传统滑模观测器相比,该新型滑模观测器具有收敛速度更快、跟踪精度更高、反电动势抖振更小的特点,当系统存在负载扰动及参数摄动时,仍然能够准确地估算出电机转子的位置和速度,具有较强的鲁棒性。     

面向永磁同步电机负载转矩观测的自抗扰改进滑模控制

针对传统永磁同步电机滑模控制中存在的滑模抖振大及响应速度慢的问题,设计了一种新型趋近律,在传统指数趋近律的基础上加入可变比例系数并引入系统状态变量和滑模面的幂次项,减小抖振的同时提高了趋近速率。随后,为了避免引入转速误差的微分项,减小系统高频抖振,采用积分滑模面,设计了永磁同步电机改进滑模速度控制器。针对控制策略中负载扰动波动会导致系统控制精度降低、抖振增大的问题,设计了一种基于新型饱和函数的扩张状态观测器估计负载扰动,并将扰动估计值前馈至改进滑模控制器中,进一步提高了系统的抗扰性能。数值仿真结果表明：所提出的控制策略可显著提高电机动态性能和抗扰性。在电机受负载转矩波动影响时,比PI控制电机超调量减小约23.1%,响应速度提高62.5%,比传统滑模控制电机超调量减小约15.3%,响应速度提高50%。新型滑模趋近律还可以有效降低滑模抖振,与传统滑模控制器相比,采用改进滑模控制器电机抖振降低约50%。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.