CNC、CNF及BC对纸张加固效果的比较研究

采用X射线衍射、接触角、紫外可见光谱、热分析等手段对纤维素纳米晶体（CNC）、纳米纤丝化纤维素（CNF）、细菌纤维素（BC）3种纳米纤维素性能进行表征,分别采用这3种纳米纤维素分散液处理纸样,以研究它们对纸样的加固效果。结果表明,与CNC和CNF相比,BC具有结晶度高、成膜后致密性好,热稳定性、透光性及强度性能好的优点;3种纳米纤维素均能对纸样起到一定的加固效果,其中BC能大幅度提高纸样的强度性能,且对纸样颜色的改变程度较小。     

工业大麻秆纳米纤维素的制备

为实现工业大麻秆的高附加值利用,本研究以工业大麻秆为原料,通过测定化学组分,表明其高纤维素含量（41.45%）的基本特性,证实其制备纳米纤维素的可能性。采用TEMPO-NaBr-NaClO催化氧化体系配合超声制备了氧化纳米纤维素（TCNF）,并研究其在制备过程中各阶段的形貌、化学结构、结晶度及热稳定性。结果表明,以工业大麻秆为原料制备的TCNF,其直径均匀分布在3～6 nm,保留了纤维素典型的Ⅰ型结构,结晶度为50.8%,具有较好的热稳定性。     

纳米纤维素及其在水性涂料中的应用研究进展

纳米纤维素具有高长径比、高结晶度、高杨氏模量、高强度等优点,加之其具有生物质材料的轻质、可降解及可再生等特性,使其成为一种改善水性涂料机械、光学、耐水等性能的优异选择。本文综述了纳米纤维素制备和改性方法,详细论述了纤维素纳米纤丝（CNF）和纤维素纳米晶体（CNC）对水性聚氨酯和水性丙烯酸涂料的性能改善机理及其应用研究进展。最后总结了纳米纤维素复合水性涂料研究现存的问题,并总结了未来的研究方向。     

木质纤维聚合度对高透光率纤维素薄膜力学性能的影响

以氢氧化钠-亚硫酸盐-蒽醌-甲醇（ASAM）法制备的高聚合度针叶木浆为原料,通过调控漂白时间和漂白剂用量制得形态相近、聚合度不同的4种木质纤维;随后,通过浸渍法将羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）与上述纤维抄造的原纸复合,制得高透光率木质纤维/CMC纤维素薄膜（以下简称薄膜）,并研究纤维聚合度对薄膜力学性能的影响。结果表明,在不显著改变纤维形态和结晶度的条件下,提高纤维聚合度可以显著提高薄膜的力学性能（抗张强度、韧性、耐折度、撕裂指数、耐破指数）,而其光学性能无明显的变化规律,透光率介于87.9%～89.8%,雾度介于53.6%～64.1%。     

高透气性能CNF/环状拓扑形貌CNC复合薄膜的制备与性能研究

通过硫酸水解法及高强超声处理获得具有中空环状拓扑形貌的纤维素纳米晶体（RT-CNC）,并采用真空抽滤法制备了纤维素纳米纤丝（CNF）/RT-CNC薄膜。结果表明,RT-RNC的环壁宽度约为3.5 nm,长度为10～50 nm,具有明显中空特性,其成膜过程中化学结构并未改变且保持纤维素Ⅰ结晶结构;CNF/RT-CNC薄膜的透气度为6.70μm/(Pa·s),相较于CNF薄膜（2.50μm/(Pa·s)）提高了168%,且其热降解性能良好。     

纤维素纳米纤丝/丙烯酸树脂制备柔性有机发光二极管基材的研究

以漂白蔗渣浆为原料,通过机械研磨法制备了纤维素纳米纤丝（CNF）。通过流延法将CNF制备成纳米纸基薄膜（CNP）,并将未干燥的CNP进行丝光化处理得到丝光化纳米纸基薄膜（Me-CNP）。分别在CNP和Me-CNP表面涂布丙烯酸树脂（ABPE-10）制备了涂布纳米纸（CNP-Co）和涂布丝光化纳米纸（Me-CNP-Co）2种纳米纸基薄膜。用CNF稳定ABPE-10制备Pickering乳液后,采用流延法制备了Pickering乳液法纳米纸（CNP-P）。探究不同制备方式对提高纳米纸基薄膜光学性能、热稳定性能和水阻隔性能的影响。结果表明,丝光化处理可以提高CNP的机械韧性;表面涂布和Pickering乳液法制备的纳米纸基薄膜的透明度均大于85%,热分解温度均提高至345℃以上,水接触角均大于90°。此外,纳米纸基薄膜均具有良好的机械柔性。     

硫酸水解辅助高压均质法制备小麦秸秆纳米纤维素

以小麦秸秆纤维素为原料,通过硫酸水解辅助高压均质的方法,分层制备小麦秸秆纳米纤维素（CNC）;分别采用马尔文纳米粒度分析仪、透射电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪和热重分析仪对分层制备的小麦秸秆CNC进行表征分析。结果表明,经硫酸水解预处理、离心收集得到的上层清液纳米纤维素（CNC-SL）为纳米纤维素晶须,与原料相比,其结晶度由48.61%提高至71.87%;硫酸水解预处理、离心收集的残余纤维固体（CNC-S）经8次均质处理制备的纳米纤维素（CNC-SP）,其粒径分布在100~200 nm,直径约为15 nm,为高结晶度的短棒状纳米纤维素晶须,晶型为I_β型。与原料相比,CNC-SL和CNC-SP的热稳定性均下降。与硫酸水解法制备CNC相比,硫酸水解辅助高压均质法制备的CNC得率较高;与机械均质化方法相比,此方法所需均质次数明显减少。     

3D打印纳米纤维素凝胶材料

纤维素纳米晶体(CNCs)具有较好的制备性能,结晶度高、机械刚度大、强度高。然而,CNCs的高分散性限制了其可纺丝性。研究表明,对纳米纤维素氧化改性可以提高和优化材料的整体性能。选择氧化的纳米纤维素获得带有羧基的区域氧化CNCs(RO-CNC),利用多硫化钠(Na₂S_x)对CNCs末端区域进行氧化改性,制备了末端氧化纳米纤维素。对CNCs的形态进行表征,使用激光扫描制备的纤维素凝胶经诱导固化形成3D打印新材料。     

聚乳酸/乙酰化纳米纤维素薄膜制备及性能研究

为改善聚乳酸(PLA)薄膜的力学及阻隔性能,采用纳米纤维素(NCC)对其进行改性。以微晶纤维素(MCC)为原料,用硫酸法制备NCC,进而制备乙酰化纳米纤维素(ANCC),然后将PLA与ANCC按不同比例混合后制备复合薄膜。采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其微观结构和形态进行观测。采用拉伸仪和氧气透过率仪对其力学和气体阻隔性能进行分析。结果表明,使用酸法制备的纳米纤维素长度为100~200 nm,直径范围为10~20 nm。乙酰化处理对纳米纤维素的外观形态没有明显改变。与纯聚乳酸膜相比,ANCC添加量为1%时制备的复合薄膜的拉伸强度增加了29.09%,进一步增加ANCC含量则会导致复合薄膜力学性能下降。添加ANCC有效降低了复合薄膜的氧气透过量,ANCC添加量为0.5%时,薄膜的氧气透过率与纯PLA薄膜相比降低42%。添加ANCC对于薄膜的透光率和雾度没有明显影响。     

超声波辅助酸法制备纳米薯渣纤维素的工艺研究

为了提高甘薯加工副产品的高值化利用,以甘薯渣纤维素为原料,应用超声波辅助酸法制备纳米薯渣纤维素。通过对超声波功率、酸体积分数、酸解温度和酸解时间4个影响因素进行单因素及正交试验,获得了纳米薯渣纤维素的最佳制备条件,并通过透射电镜和X-射线衍射对其进行进一步的分析。结果表明:纳米薯渣纤维素制备的最佳工艺参数为超声波功率120 W、酸体积分数65%、酸解温度55℃、酸解时间120 min,此条件下纳米薯渣纤维素的产率为42.85%;纳米薯渣纤维素的形态表现为不规则球状,粒径在20～40 nm范围内,并且其仍具有纤维素的晶型,结晶度有明显的提高。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.