低温快速电化学辅助磷化膜的制备及其耐蚀性

目前国内外关于电化学辅助磷化的研究报道较少。采用硫酸铜点滴试验、塔菲尔极化曲线研究了电化学辅助制备磷化膜的耐蚀性,探究电化学辅助磷化的最佳配方及工艺条件。通过单因素试验优化磷化液组分,通过正交试验优化工艺条件。结果表明,电化学辅助可以显著降低磷化温度、缩短磷化时间、减少磷化渣,优选出的磷化液组成为:5.00 g/L ZnO,13.00 mL/L磷酸(85%),20.00 g/L Zn(NO_3)_2·6H_2O,1.00 g/L酒石酸钾钠,1.00 g/L NH_4HF_2,1.20 g/L NaClO_3,5.00 g/L磷酸二氢锌,0.08 g/L CuSO_4;最优工艺参数为电流密度1.2 A/dm~2,温度35℃,通电时间7 min。最优工艺下所得磷化膜耐硫酸铜点滴试验时间达860 s;磷化时间1 min时,所得磷化膜硫酸铜点滴试验耐蚀性为61 s(远优于化学磷化的19 s),磷化膜外观均匀、致密。     

羟胺低温磷化

为解决当前磷化工艺中存在的高温、多渣等不足,通过羟胺类低温磷化促进剂与其他传统磷化促进剂相复配,采用正交试验的方法研究了一种新型的低温磷化工艺.试验结果表明,羟胺具有优异的促进作用,硫酸羟胺是较好的室温促进剂,单独使用时的最低用量为5 g/L,与氯化钠配合使用可大大降低其有效用量,最低成膜浓度2 g/L,并能改善膜层的耐碱性.最佳磷化配方为:ZnO 10 g/L,HNO3 10 mL/L,H3PO4 15 mL/L,HAS 2 g/L, NaClO3 1.0 g/L,有机酸3.0 g/L钼酸钠0.04 g/L,促进剂A适量;酸度比 7～12;pH值 1～2;磷化时间 15～20 min;磷化温度 30 ℃.磷化膜均匀呈灰黑色,膜重8～12 g/m2,硫酸铜点滴≥130s.     

钻杆接头磷化处理后的耐蚀性能

钻杆接头是石油钻柱的重要组成部分,而耐蚀性是钻杆接头性能的重要指标.通过硫酸铜点滴试验,研究了磷化液的游离酸度、总酸度、酸比、磷化时间和温度对钻杆接头磷化膜耐蚀性的影响,得出各参数的最佳范围.结果表明:控制磷化液的游离酸度12～15点,总酸度140～170点,酸比10～11,磷化温度75℃左右,磷化时间20～25 min,所得磷化膜耐腐蚀性能最佳.     

冷成型模具低温锌系磷化

研制出适用于冷成型模具高硬度表面的低温锌系磷化工艺。其中磷化液含Zn(H2 PO4 ) 2 ·2H2 O 6 0g/L ,Zn(NO3) 2 ·6H2 O 90g/L ,NaNO2 1.5g/L ,稀土促进剂 0～ 1.0g/L ,游离酸度 4～ 6点 ,总酸度 70～ 75点。该磷化液在 4 0℃下 ,处理 30～ 4 0min后可获得厚约 10 μm的磷化膜。性能测试表明 ,其减摩、润滑性能良好 ,摩擦系数约降 0 .1,与未处理试样相比磨损量下降 96 % ,附着力 1级。     

低温锌系磷化新T艺

为了克服传统锌系磷化工艺的诸多缺点,在传统的锌系磷化液中加入马丙共聚物和铜脲配位化合物,通过正交试验优选出了一种环保、单组分、低温无渣的新型磷化工艺,并将此工艺制得的磷化膜的性能、形貌、成分与普通锌系磷化膜进行比较。结果表明:最佳的新型磷化工艺为1.0 g/L铜脲配位化合物,1.5 g/L氧化锌,15.0mL/L磷酸,10.0 mL/L马丙共聚物,磷化时间15 m in,磷化温度20℃;最佳工艺时磷化液游度酸度8点,总酸度30点;新型工艺制得的磷化膜为均匀致密的球状结晶,耐蚀性、漆膜附着力、抗冲击力均优于普通锌系磷化膜。     

钼酸钠对热镀锌钢板表面磷化膜电化学行为的影响

在磷化液中添加钼酸钠可改善和提高热镀锌钢板表面磷化膜的质量.运用极化和电化学阻抗的测试方法,研究了磷化液中加入钼酸钠对热镀锌钢板表面磷化膜在5%NaCl溶液中的电化学行为的影响.结果表明,在磷化液中加入钼酸钠可促进磷化膜生长,大大降低电化学体系的腐蚀电流密度,提高其极化电阻和电化学阻抗,改善膜层的耐蚀性能.最佳的钼酸钠用量为1.0g/L,膜层呈暗灰色,膜重为1.6g/m2,耐硫酸铜点蚀时间大于65 s.当钼酸钠用量为2.0g/L时,膜层的各项性能指标均下降.     

常温Q235钢板磷化工艺优选

为开发环保、节能、高效的常温磷化工艺,研制了一种可在常温下磷化钢板的磷化液,并对Q235钢板进行磷化处理,采用硫酸铜点滴试验测试磷化膜的耐蚀性,考察了磷化液成分(氧化锌、磷酸二氢钠、磷酸、氯酸钾)的含量、磷化时间以及磷化次数对Q235钢板表面磷化膜耐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:磷化液主要组分的最佳用量为氧化锌25 g/L、磷酸二氢钠22 g/L、磷酸90 mL/L、氯酸钾8 g/L,此条件下常温磷化20 min时,所得磷化膜的质量最好,其硫酸铜点滴时间可达54 s;同一磷化液中,随着磷化次数的增加,磷化膜性能逐渐变差。     

钕铁硼磁性材料磷化过程电位影响因素研究

为了研究钕铁硼磁性材料的磷化机理,并研制钕铁硼磁性材料的磷化剂,应用电化学方法研究了游离酸度、温度、促进剂、表面活性剂对钕铁硼磁性材料磷化动力学行为的影响.结果表明,钕铁硼磁性材料磷化动力学的过程分为:金属阳极溶解→钝化→金属阳极溶解→磷化成膜4步;所形成的化学转化膜并非单一的磷化膜,而是磷化和钝化的混合膜;游离酸度、温度以及促进剂对钕铁硼磷化影响较大,过高的游离酸度(高于4.8)和温度(高于40 ℃)将改变其磷化动力学的过程,使磷化难以成膜或膜层粗糙;促进剂能加速磷化的进行,但氧化性过强的促进剂(氯酸钠)只能增强钕铁硼磁性材料表面的钝化,而不能形成磷化膜.通过正交试验法,确定了钕铁硼常温磷化液的最佳配方和工艺条件:磷酸二氢钠 50 g/L,磷酸 12 mL/L,钼酸钠 0.5 g/L,促进剂 -N 0.2 g/L,阴离子表面活性剂 1.5 mL/L, FA 1.5点,TA 51点,温度 30 ℃,时间 5 min.所得磷化钝化膜薄而致密,耐腐蚀性能优异.     

一种常温磷化工艺改进

为了寻求节能环保和高效的磷化工艺,制备了一种无镍、无亚硝酸盐常温磷化液。通过单因素试验研究了磷化液基础配方对磷化膜性能的影响,并采用正交试验进行优选;采用单因素试验优选了磷化工艺参数。结果表明:常温磷化液最佳配方及磷化工艺参数为20 g/L氧化锌,34 mL/L磷酸,22 g/L磷酸二氢锌,0.45g/L柠檬酸,0.19 g/L氟化钠,0.21 g/L钼酸钠,0.35 g/L间硝基苯磺酸钠,0.17 g/L氯酸钠,pH值为2.5～3.5,温度23～30℃,磷化时间13～17 min,采用喷淋磷化可缩短为3～5 min;以此配方和工艺制备的磷化膜外观均匀致密,无膜层疏松、锈蚀、绿斑或表面挂灰等缺陷,膜重1.2 g/m2,耐硫酸铜点滴时间为57 s,耐NaCl溶液浸泡腐蚀时间为26 d,耐蚀性较好。     

中温锌-钙系黑色磷化膜的耐蚀性能

黑色磷化膜的耐蚀性、微观结构和组成成分的系统研究相对较少.为了获得耐蚀性能较好的中温锌.钙系黑色磷化膜,从游离酸度(FA)、温度、时间等方面考察了黑色磷化膜的耐蚀性,通过扫描电镜、x射线衍射分析对膜层的性能进行了表征,测试了黑色磷化膜层的电化学极化性能.结果表明:当磷化液的游离酸度为4～10点,温度为60～75℃,时间为10～20 min时,黑色磷化膜层的耐腐蚀性较好;黑色磷化膜的腐蚀电位比Q235钢基体高0.2313 V.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。