我国造纸化学品的应用现状与发展建议

通过对我国造纸行业的现状进行分析．探讨造纸行业发展对造纸用精细化学品所提出的新要求。结合国外研究动向。重点针对造纸增干强剂、中碱性施胶剖、助留剂的现状以及发展趋势进行论述。提出其在满足我国原料特性下的发展研究动向。     

阳离子淀粉在造纸工业中的主要用途及其重要作用

阳离子淀粉具有资源丰富、价格适宜、可以降解、带正电荷、制备工艺成熟及取代度可调等优点,目前在造纸工业中已被广泛应用。该文综述了阳离子淀粉在造纸浆料中作干强剂和助留剂、造纸表面施胶中作表面施胶淀粉、造纸涂料中作涂布淀粉;造纸用施胶剂ASA和AKD中作乳化剂、造纸废水处理中作絮凝剂等的应用情况,并用实例介绍了其应用效果。     

造纸增干强剂的研究现状及其应用

随着我国造纸工业的发展，为了获得高档次的纸张，增强剂的应用显得越来越重要。本文详细介绍了当今纸张增干增强剂的研究现状及其应用，并对增干强剂的发展趋势做了简要描述。     

改性三聚氰胺甲醛树脂增湿强剂的制备及其分析

利用尿素和甲醛发生环化反应生成的预聚体对三聚氰胺甲醛树脂进行改性，可得到一种高含固量(50％)造纸用增湿强剂。改性后的三聚氰胺甲醛树脂能明显提高纸张的湿／干拉强度，可与水任意比例互溶。储存稳定性达半年以上。本文讨论了改性剂、pH值、F／M摩尔比、反应温度等各因素对产品性能的影响。     

组成对乳液聚合物制备的影响及进展

乳液聚合物在造纸工业中具有广泛的应用,从乳液聚合物的基本组成（单体、乳化剂、引发剂、电解质、缓冲剂等）对乳液聚合物的影响进行综述,以期为造纸用乳液聚合物的制备有所帮助,以便研究开发更好性能的乳液聚合物。     

脲醛预聚体改性三聚氰胺甲醛树脂增湿强剂的研究

尿素和甲醛可发生环化反应生成环化脲醛预聚体,利用环化脲醛预聚体对三聚氰胺甲醛树脂进行改性,可得到一种高固含量造纸用增湿强剂.改性后的三聚氰胺甲醛树脂能明显提高纸张的湿/干拉强度,可与水以任意比例互溶,储存稳定性达半年以上.用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了经其处理前后纸页的断面及表面性能,并讨论了改性氨基树脂的增强机理.     

非木材纤维造纸用变性淀粉系列产品

由于非木材纤维中含有多种杂化学物质,严重干扰一般化学品的效果,国内外造纸用增强剂、助滤助留剂主要针对木浆造纸,对非木材纤维造纸用化学品的研制及其应用性能的研究工作尚属空白,本项目由"非木材纤维专用增强剂"、"草浆造纸用助滤助留剂"、"新闻纸湿部专用化学品"三个课题组成,实现多项技术创新.     

两性聚丙烯酰胺纸张干强剂的研究及应用

本文研究了两性聚丙烯酰胺纸张干强剂(ADS-1)的合成、结构和性能;同时研究了反应单体配比、引发剂用量、pH值等对ADS-1纸张干强剂性能的影响;进一步研究了ADS-1干强剂对纸张的增干强作用、对浆料系统的助留效果和对白水系统电导率的影响.     

造纸增干强剂的增干强机理及应用

通过对我国造纸工业发展现状的分析，提出增强剂的开发与应用的重要性。同时，结合纸页的成形原理，分析了增干强剂的增干强机理。然后重点介绍了国内外常用增干强剂的合成及应用现状，最后指出了我国增干强剂存在的问题及发展趋势。     

造纸用水溶性合成聚合物的制备及其应用

简要论述了几种主要的造纸用水溶性合成聚合物的制备、性质及其在造纸工业中的应用。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.