二氧化钛负载磷钨钼杂多酸催化合成丁醛1，2-丙二醇缩醛

以二氧化钛负载磷钨钼杂多酸为催化剂,通过丁醛和1,2-丙二醇反应合成了丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛。系统考察了丁醛和1,2-丙二醇物质的量比、催化剂用量,以及反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。确定的适宜工艺条件为n(丁醛)∶n(1,2-丙二醇)=1∶1.7,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的1.0%,带水剂环己烷8mL,反应时间1.0h。在此反应条件下,丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛的收率可达80.8%.     

磷钨钼杂多酸掺杂聚苯胺催化合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛

报道了以磷钨钼杂多酸掺杂聚苯胺为催化剂,通过丁醛和乙二醇反应合成了丁醛乙二醇缩醛。系统考察了醛醇物质的量比、催化剂用量以及反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。确定适宜的工艺条件为n(丁醛)∶n(乙二醇)=1∶1.5,催化剂的质量为反应物料总质量的0.8%,反应时间1.0 h。在此反应条件下,丁醛乙二醇缩醛的收率可达71.1%。     

磷钨钼杂多酸催化合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛

用自制的磷钨钼杂多酸作催化剂,以丁醛和乙二醇反应合成了丁醛乙二醇缩醛.研究了原料物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间对产品收率的影响.结果表明,磷钨钼杂多酸对合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛有较好的催化活性,适宜的反应条件如下:n(丁醛)∶n(乙二醇)=1∶1.6、催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的0.4%、带水剂环己烷用量为10 mL、反应时间为60 min.在此优化条件下,丁醛乙二醇缩醛的收率可达68.1%.     

四氯化锡掺杂聚苯胺催化合成苯甲醛1，2-丙二醇缩醛

以PAn(聚苯胺)-SnCl4 (四氯化锡)为催化剂,对苯甲醛和1,2-丙二醇为原料合成苯甲醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛进行了研究.探讨了PAn-SnCl4催化剂对缩醛反应的催化活性,表明PAn-SnCl4是合成苯甲醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛的良好催化剂.系统地研究了原料配比、催化剂用量、带水剂用量、反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响, 在醛醇物质的量比 n (苯甲醛)∶ n (1,2-丙二醇)=1∶1.8,催化剂用量占反应物料总质量的0.8%,带水剂环己烷用量为10mL,回流时间为2.5h的优化反应条件下,苯甲醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛的收率可达到87%以上.     

磷钨钼杂多酸掺杂聚苯胺催化合成丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛

以磷钨钼杂多酸掺杂聚苯胺为催化剂,通过丁醛和1,2-丙二醇反应合成了丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛。考察了醛醇物质的量比、催化剂量及反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响,确定适宜反应条件为:n(丁醛):n(1,2-丙二醇)=1:1.6,催化剂量为反应物料总质量的1.2%,用环己烷作带水剂,反应时间1.0h。在此反应条件下,丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛收率可达95.6%。     

氨基磺酸催化合成苯甲醛缩乙二醇

选取氨基磺酸催化合成苯甲醛缩乙二醇,通过苯甲醛与乙二醇的反应合成了苯甲醛缩乙二醇,探究了缩醛反应的反应活性,充分研究了醇醛的投料比、催化剂投入量、反应时间、带水剂用量等多个因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明:n(醇)∶n(醛)=3.0∶1.0,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的3.0%,甲苯为带水剂,反应时间1.5 h的优化条件下,苯甲醛缩乙二醇收率可达92.1%。     

磷钨钼杂多酸催化合成丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛

以磷钨钼杂多酸为催化剂,丁醛和1,2-丙二醇反应合成丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛.考察了醛醇物质量比、催化剂用量以及反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响.确定的适宜工艺条件为:n(丁醛)∶n(1,2-丙二醇)=1∶1.6,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的0.6%,带水剂环己烷的用量为8 mL,反应时间45min.在此反应条件下,丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛的收率可达80.5%.     

SO3H-功能化酸性离子液体催化合成己二酸二丁酯

以1,3-丙烷磺内酯和1,4-丁烷磺内酯为主要原料,采用两步法合成了8种SO3H-功能化酸性离子液体,考察有/无带水剂条件下不同酸性离子液体的酸性及其对合成己二酸二丁酯的催化活性,并将离子液体酸性强弱与酸催化活性进行关联,同时对反应温度、原料配比、反应时间、催化剂用量进行优化。结果表明,优选N-(3-磺酸基)丙基咪唑硫酸氢盐离子液体为催化剂,添加带水剂环己烷,在反应温度110℃、n(1-butanol)∶n(adipic acid)=6∶1、m(cat.)/m(adipic acid)=0.015、反应时间3 h、w(cyclohexane)=15%(基于反应体系总质量,下同)的优化反应条件下,己二酸二丁酯收率为98%。     

SO42-/TiO2-La2O3催化合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛

以稀土改性固体超强酸SO42 -/TiO2 La2 O3 为催化剂 ,通过苯甲醛和乙二醇反应合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛 ,探讨了SO42 -/TiO2 La2 O3 对缩醛反应的催化活性 ,较系统地研究了醇醛物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明 :SO42 -/TiO2 La2 O3 是合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的良好催化剂 ,在n(醇 )∶n(醛 ) =2 .0∶ 1,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的 0 .5 % ,环己烷为带水剂 ,反应时间 5 0min的优化条件下 ,苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛收率可达 90 %。     

碘掺杂聚苯胺催化合成丁醛1，2-丙二醇缩醛

报道了单质碘掺杂聚苯胺催化剂I2/PAn的制备,采用正交试验探讨了合成丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛的影响因素.实验结果表明,对丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛的收率影响最大的是催化剂用量,其次是反应时间、带水剂用量和醛醇物质的量比.碘掺杂聚苯胺催化剂催化合成丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛的适宜的反应条件是n(正丁醛):n(1,2-丙二醇)=1:1.5,催化剂用量为反应物料总量的0.20%,带水剂环己烷的用量为4 mL,反应时间1.0 h.在优化条件下,产品收率可达73.8%.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。