国产阿奇霉素分散片人体生物等效性研究

目的:比较2种阿奇霉素分散片的人体生物等效性。方法:采用双制剂双周期自身交叉对照的方法,将22例健康男性受试音随机分为两组,口服阿奇霉案分散片受试制剂或参比制剂各1g。用HPLC-电化学检测法测定血浆中的阿奇霉素浓度,用DAS软件计算药动学参数,进行生物等效性评价。结果:阿奇霉素分散片受试制剂与参比制剂AUC_(0→132h)分别为(24,25±6．25)和(25．02±6．29)μg·h·mL~(-1);AUC_(0→∞)分别为(29．62±5．91)和(31．35±9．02)μg·h·mL~(-1);C_(max)分别为(1．18±0．17)和(1．18±0．21)μg·mL~(-1);T_(max)分别为(2．27±0．26)和(2．16±0．28)h;t_(1/2)分别为(39,89±9．36)和(42．27±9．62)h。与参比制剂比较,受试制剂相对生物利用度为(97．4±9．8)%。结论:口服阿奇霉素量试制剂和参比制剂生物等效。     

单剂量盐酸左西替利嗪片人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究盐酸左西替利嗪片(受试制剂)与已上市的盐酸左西替利嗪片(参比制剂)的相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法:健康男性志愿者18例,采用双周期两制剂交叉试验设计,分别口服受试制剂或参比制剂10 mg,用HPLC法测定血药浓度,DAS软件处理计算药动学参数和相对生物利用度。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的t_(1／2)Ke分别为(5．4±1．2)和(4．9±1．5)h;C_(max)分别为(424．4±89．2)和(415．3±65．0)ng·mL~(-1)。T_(max)分别为(1．2±0．8)和(1．1±0．5)h。AUC_(0-24h)分别为(3 223．3±612．3)和(3 216．5±654．8)ng·h·mL~(-1)。相对生物利用度为(103．5±26．8)%。AUC_(0-24h)90%置信区间为0．9326～1．0821,C_(max)190%置信区间为0．9482～1．0821,T_(max)经非参数法检验,差异无统计意义。结论:2种制剂生物等效。     

硫酸茚地那韦胶囊的人体药动学及生物等效性

目的:评价健康受试者单剂量口服国产和进口硫酸茚地那韦胶囊的药动学及生物等效性。方法:20例男性健康受试者交叉单剂口服国产和进口硫酸茚地那韦胶囊800mg。用HPLC-UV法测定血浆中茚地那韦的血药浓度,并用SPSS 10．0统计软件对药代参数进行药动学及生物等效性研究。结果:受试制剂和参比制剂C_(max)分别为(13．14±3．92)和(13．51±3．23)mg·L~(-1);T_(max)分别为(0．63±0．18)和(0．63±0．17)h;AUC_(0→8h)分别为(23．02±6．24)和(23．62±7．27)mg．h·L~(-1);t_(1/2)分别为(1．2±0．4)和(1．2±0．5)h。受试制剂对参比制剂的相对生物利用度F为(99．2±13．9)%。结论:受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

泮托拉唑钠肠溶微丸胶囊人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究受试制剂泮托拉唑钠肠溶微丸胶囊和参比制剂泮托拉唑钠肠溶胶囊的人体生物等效性。方法:20例健康男性志愿者口服单剂量受试制剂或参比制剂40 mg后,采用HPLC紫外法测定血浆中泮托拉唑钠浓度,用BAPP 2．0程序进行数据处理。结果:受试制剂和参比制剂的C_(max)分别为(2．58±0．63)和(2．53±0．52) mg·L~(-1),T_(max)分别为(2．9±0．8)和(2．8±0．8)h,t_(1/2)Ke分别为(2．25±1．02)和(2．09±1．11)h,AUC_(0-12h)分别为(6．96±1．57)和(7．07±1．74)mg·h·L~(-1)。泮托拉唑钠肠溶微丸胶囊相对生物利用度为(100．1±15．0)%。结论:泮托拉唑钠肠溶微丸胶囊和肠溶胶囊生物等效。     

阿奇霉素胶囊人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究阿奇霉素胶囊的人体生物等效性。方法:21名健康志愿者采用拉丁方设计,分为A、B、C3组,分别交叉单剂量口服阿奇霉素胶囊受试制剂1(规格:每粒0.25g)、受试制剂2(规格:每粒0.125g)及参比制剂(规格:每粒0.25g)后,用微生物法测定血药浓度,计算药动学参数,并进行生物等效性评价。结果:受试制剂1、受试制剂2、参比制剂的Cmax分别为(1.06±0.41)、(0.99±0.54)、(1.07±0.53)μg·mL-1,tmax分别为(2.38±0.86)、(1.86±0.85)、(2.52±1.40)h,AUC0～144分别为(11.00±6.15)、(10.65±5.17)、(10.49±5.17)μg·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(12.48±7.27)、(11.65±5.64)、(11.57±5.87)μg·h·mL-1;阿奇霉素胶囊受试制剂1、2的相对生物利用度分别为(102.73±15.63)%、(103.17±13.64)%。结论:2种规格的阿奇霉素胶囊与参比胶囊均具有生物等效性。     

阿奇霉素分散片人体药动学及生物等效性研究

目的 研究阿奇霉素分散片健康人体的药动学与生物等效性。方法 20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉口服阿奇霉素分散片受试制剂和参比制剂各500 mg,采用高效液相色谱-质谱法(LC-MS)测定血药浓度。以DAS 2.0软件计算其药动学参数,考察其生物等效性。结果 受试制剂和参比制剂阿奇霉素AUC_0-168分别为(8.98±1.74) mg·h·mL^-1和(8.75±1.60) mg·h·mL^-1,C_max分别为(0.81±0.14) mg·mL^-1和(0.80±0.14) mg·mL^-1,t_1/2分别为(48.16±11.10) h和(51.1±7.60) h,T_max分别为(1.80±0.86) h和(1.82±0.92) h,受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(103.4±20.2)%。结论 阿奇霉素分散片受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

HPLC-MS法测定人血浆中阿奇霉素浓度及其药动学

目的　建立人血浆中阿奇霉素的HPLC MS测定法,用其测定了志愿者口服阿奇霉素片剂(5 0 0mg)后的血药浓度,并对受试制剂与参比制剂的生物等效性进行评价。方法　血浆样品经直接沉淀酸化后进行HPLC MS分析。2 0名健康志愿者交叉口服受试制剂或参比制剂5 0 0mg。计算主要药动学参数及相对生物利用度,以判断生物等效性。结果　在1 0～16 2 7 2 μg·L-1范围内阿奇霉素峰面积与内标峰面积的比值与阿奇霉素的浓度之间呈良好线性关系,最低定量限为1 0 μg·L-1。受试制剂和参比制剂的T1/ 2 分别为(38 .5±3 .8)、(39. 0±4 . 5 )h ,tmax分别为(2 . 5±1. 0 )、(2 . 6±0 . 9)h ,cmax分别为(5. 18 8±2. 39 9)、(5 13. 6±2 31. 9) μg·L-1。以AUC0 . 14 4 计算的受试片剂的相对生物利用度为(99 .7±12. 6 ) %。两制剂的药动学主要参数无显著性差异。结论　2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

环丙沙星片人体药代动力学及生物等效性研究

目的 对仿制品环丙沙星片的药代动力学的研究,并评价参比制剂与受试制剂的生物等效性。方法 20例健康男性受试者随机交叉单次口服环丙沙星500mg后,采用反相HPLC法测定环丙沙星血浆浓度。结果 参比制剂与受试制剂的C_(max)分别为(3.12±0.79)mg/L及(3.25±0.66)mg/L;T_(max)分别为(1.3±0.8)h及(1.2±0.7)h;t_(1/2)分别为(4.2±0.8)h及(4.4±0.8)h;AUC_(0→t)分别为(10.83±1.78)mg/(L·h)及(11.24±2.22)mg/(L·h);AUC_(0→t)分别为(12.33±2.17)mg/(L·h)及(12.83±2.46)mg/L·h;受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(10.2±22.3)％。结论 受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

阿奇霉素干混悬剂的人体药动学及生物等效性研究

目的:评价2种阿奇霉素干混悬剂的生物等效性。方法:20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉口服受试制剂或参比制剂10袋(含阿奇霉素1.0g)后,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中的药物浓度,并计算有关药动学参数,通过方差分析和双单侧t检验和1～2α置信区间法进行生物等效性评价。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂中阿奇霉素的Cmax分别为(29.651±5.600)、(29.256±6.382)μg·mL-1,tmax分别为(2.25±0.444)、(2.400±0.503)h,t1/2分别为(37.910±10.181)、(37.980±9.220)h,AUC0～120分别为(458.139±47.368)、(463.114±42.267)μg.h.mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(519.217±57.262)、(522.980±48.267)μg.h.mL-1。受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(99.5±8.9)%。结论:2种制剂生物等效。     

2种阿奇霉素制剂的人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究2种阿奇霉素制剂的人体生物等效性。方法:18名男性健康志愿者采用随机、自身对照、交叉法单剂量口服阿奇霉素分散片(受试制剂)与阿奇霉素胶囊(参比制剂)后,采用微生物法测定血浆中阿奇霉素的血药浓度,利用3p97软件计算主要药动学参数,并进行生物等效性评价。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的药动学参数分别为:tma(x2.40±0.48)、(2.29±0.55)h,Cmax(0.34±0.06)、(0.30±0.06)μg·mL-1,AUC0～14(42.80±0.80)、(2.82±1.44)μg·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞(2.95±0.67)、(2.91±1.68)μg·h·mL-1。2种制剂的主要药动学参数无显著性差异(P>0.05)。阿奇霉素分散片的相对生物利用度(F)为(99.29±3.85)%。结论:2种阿奇霉素制剂具有生物等效性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.