加热方式对血浆流变学及质构性质的影响

血浆作为血液的主要成分之一,经加热可以形成凝胶,而凝胶的质构和流变性质直接影响着血浆产品的品质.研究3种不同的加热升温方式(1℃/min、3 ℃/min以及90℃恒温)对鸭血浆和猪血浆的质构及流变学性质的影响,结果表明血浆种类和升温方式都会影响血浆凝胶的质构和流变学性质.鸭血浆形成凝胶的硬度及最终G’值均高于猪血浆,1℃/min升温方式形成的猪血浆凝胶硬度最高,90℃恒温加热升温形成的凝胶硬度最低,并且血浆在1℃/min升温方式下形成的凝胶质构特性与在3℃/min以及90℃恒温升温方式下形成的凝胶质构特性有着显著差异,后两者形成的凝胶质构特性基本类似.不同血浆种类采用相应加热方式,可以达到调控血浆热致凝胶的硬度的目的.     

蛋白-多糖复合凝胶性质及微观结构研究进展

蛋白质和多糖是食品中重要的组成成分,蛋白-多糖复合凝胶性质对食品品质有重要影响,因而其营养功能品质受到广泛的关注。本文综述蛋白-多糖复合凝胶体系构建技术、流变学性质以及复合凝胶形成过程中微观结构变化及应用,提出目前存在的问题并展望未来,旨在为富含多糖蛋白食品的精准开发与品质调控提供依据。     

微波加热提高鲢鱼低盐鱼糜凝胶强度的机理研究

通过比较鲢鱼低盐鱼糜微波加热和传统水浴加热胶凝过程中蛋白质的降解、交联情况以及低盐凝胶的超微结构,研究微波加热提高鲢鱼低盐凝胶强度的机理。TCA-溶解肽含量表明水浴加热胶凝中肌肉蛋白发生严重降解,而微波加热有效抑制了鱼糜蛋白在胶凝过程中的降解;凝胶蛋白溶解度、SDS-PAGE及总-SH数目表明微波加热促进了蛋白质分子交联;微波加热凝胶的超微结构为明显的三维网状,而水浴加热凝胶超微结构粗糙,网状结构不明显。抑制蛋白质降解,促进蛋白质展开并相互作用(如交联)以形成弹性较好的三维网状结构,是微波加热提高鲢鱼低盐鱼糜凝胶强度的主要机理。     

蛋清蛋白质凝胶质构特性的研究

蛋清蛋白质因具有良好的凝胶性能在肉制品、方便面等食品中有很好的应用,研究其凝胶质构特性可以为蛋清粉在这些食品中的应用提供重要的理论参考。本研究以蛋清粉为原料,通过旋转正交实验设计,研究蛋白质浓度、蛋清溶液的pH、加热温度、加热时间对凝胶形成的影响,采用物性仪对凝胶的质构特性如凝胶硬度和弹性进行了测定。结果表明,形成凝胶硬度最大的制备条件为:蛋白质浓度19%、蛋清溶液的pH5.5、温度85℃、加热时间55min;形成凝胶弹性最大的制备条件为:蛋白质浓度19%、蛋清溶液的pH6.0、温度78℃、加热时间40min。     

大豆7S球蛋白凝胶光学性质的研究

本文深入地研究了大豆7S球蛋白凝胶光学和流变学性质与蛋白质浓度、加热温度和加热时间的关系。结果表明在形成蛋白质凝胶(蛋白质浓度≥7.5%)的前提下,低的蛋白质浓度有利于大豆7S球蛋白形成透明性凝胶,但凝胶强度较低;温度＞85℃有利于蛋白凝胶透明性和强度的提高;加热60min.较为适宜。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察显示大豆7S球蛋白透明凝胶具有有序微观结构;探讨了大豆7S球蛋白形成透明凝胶机理。可为进一步研究大豆蛋白凝胶的光学性质和研制透明的大豆蛋白产品提供理论依据。     

蛋白质适度加工：热聚集与凝胶品质阐述以及过度聚集的调控对策

加热处理会引起肌肉蛋白质变性、聚集,最终使溶胶态蛋白质形成凝胶,其中聚集的速率、程度、形态和模式都会影响蛋白质凝胶的品质。我国传统的酱卤食品加热温度都不低于100 ℃,并且罐装食品一般采用二次加热的方式来延长货架期,这些都会导致蛋白质过度聚集,从而降低了水的流动性和蛋白质消化率,破坏了肉制品的品质,降低了产品的营养价值。本文通过Lumry-Eyring成核聚集（Lumry-Eyring nucleated polymerization,LENP）模型分析蛋白质聚集机制;阐释3 种蛋白质聚集模式,包括纤维聚集、水凝胶聚集以及无定形聚集。从蛋白质分子空间构象角度综述4 种过度热聚集行为的调控对策：pH值、氨基酸、多酚化合物、疏水型与还原型小分子能够有效抑制肌原纤维蛋白过度聚集,并改善热诱导蛋白质的凝胶性能;酪蛋白作为分子伴侣蛋白能够有效提高食品的热稳定性,降低蛋白质的聚集程度。综上,采用上述蛋白质聚集调控对策可以改善肉制品的凝胶和质构品质。     

芸豆蛋白淀粉样纤维聚集后属性的变化研究

研究探讨了芸豆蛋白的淀粉样纤维聚集后的溶液和形成凝胶属性的变化.一定浓度的蛋白质溶液在低pH和低离子强度的条件下,加热可以形成线性聚集.蛋白质分子热聚集,导致了溶液和形成的凝胶性质上发生了较大的改变.淀粉样纤维蛋白质的形成可以通过刚果红的波长扫描来确定,流变仪测定蛋白溶液的粘度和形成凝胶的强度,扫描电镜观察蛋白质构象变化后的微观形态.     

大豆分离蛋白的凝胶性及其应用的研究进展

大豆分离蛋白是一种廉价的蛋白质资源,同时还具有多种功能性,凝胶性就是大豆分离蛋白重要的功能性质之一.为表明大豆分离蛋白凝胶性在食品加工中的重要作用,对大豆分离蛋白的凝胶性进行调查研究,概述了大豆分离蛋白凝胶的形成机理,并总结出影响大豆分离蛋白凝胶性能的因素.包括:加热温度、加热时间、离子强度、pH值和酶.此外,还介绍了大豆分离蛋白因其具有良好凝胶性和高蛋白含量的特点,而在食品加工行业中得到的广泛应用.     

影响猪血浆蛋白热诱导凝胶质构特性及持水性因素的研究

本实验研究在一定的加热条件下猪血浆蛋白质量浓度、加热温度、加热时间、离子种类、离子强度和pH 值对猪血浆蛋白热诱导凝胶的质构、持水性等性质的影响。利用质构仪测定猪血浆蛋白热诱导凝胶的硬度和黏附性,利用离心的方法测定凝胶的持水性。结果表明,在80℃下加热45min,猪血浆蛋白质量浓度超过6g/100mL可以形成凝胶,并且随蛋白质量浓度的增大,凝胶强度和持水性也增大;凝胶强度随pH 值(3～9)增加而增大,pH5 时凝胶的持水性最小,pH3 时最大;NaCl 浓度0.2mol/L,CaCl2 浓度0.6mol/L 时,凝胶硬度最大。实验得出,猪血浆蛋白热诱导凝胶的质构特性及持水性受许多因素影响,在实际生产中应该控制加热条件,以获得高质量的凝胶。     

差示扫描量热法及其在猪肉凝胶机理探索中的应用

通过差示扫描量热法研究不同压力水平下凝胶的形成过程,初步探索凝胶形成机理。结果表明,凝胶的主要成分为肌球蛋白,200MPa蛋白质已经变性,400MPa蛋白质聚集,600MPa蛋白质凝胶形成。本研究结果能够为超高压诱导猪肉凝胶品质控制提供理论依据。     

Functional aspects of blood plasma proteins.

The viscosity of solutions (6% w/w protein in 45% sucrose) of porcine and bovine whole blood plasma, porcine serum and porcine plasma fractions exhibited Newtonian behaviour between 20°C and 73°C. On further heating, the viscosity of these solutions increased exponentially producing a reversible gel structure at 76°C and an irreversible gel at 79°C. In contrast, egg albumen protein solutions indicated a relatively low initial viscosity but started to thicken at 65°C, forming reversible gels at 73°C and irreversible gels at 76°C. The viscosity of the egg albumen protein solutions was similar to that of the serum proteins and plasma protein fractions and less than that of whole plasma protein solutions. Viscosities lower than expected were exhibited by mixtures of whole porcine or bovine plasma and egg albumen proteins. However, synergistic interaction between the proteins of egg albumen and porcine plasma fraction I and fraction III (albumin) and porcine serum occurred at high temperatures of heating.     

热诱导下小麦蛋白结构与功能性质变化研究进展

小麦蛋白作为具有独特黏弹性的植物蛋白,在食品加工领域中应用广泛。加热是食品加工过程中常见的工艺过程,温度及物理协同作用是影响小麦蛋白结构及功能特性的主要因素,而热诱导下小麦蛋白的结构和功能性质的变化决定着小麦制品及小麦蛋白制品的品质,此外热加工体系中其他物质的加入对于增强小麦蛋白结构功能特性、丰富小麦蛋白制品种类及改善其品质发挥重要作用。本文综述了小麦蛋白的面筋蛋白网络和凝胶的形成机制,概述了不同热诱导方式如温度(温和热诱导和过热蒸汽热处理)、物理协同热诱导(挤压热处理和超声处理)对小麦蛋白结构、功能性质及其加工制品品质的影响,介绍了热诱导加工体系中小麦蛋白与其他动植物蛋白、多糖、水分及盐离子的相互作用机理以及其产品加工的应用和品质变化,并针对小麦蛋白主要组分麦醇溶蛋白(Gliadin,gli)和麦谷蛋白(Glutenin,glu)对热诱导小麦蛋白结构、功能及产品品质的影响进行了分析和展望,以期为改善小麦蛋白在食品加工中的应用及品质改善提供理论参考。     

Simultaneous application of microbial transglutaminase and high hydrostatic pressure to improve heat induced gelation of pork plasma

The effects of treating porcine plasma with microbial tranglutaminase (MTGase) under high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) were studied as a means of improving its gel-forming properties when subsequently heated at pH 5.5, near the pH of meats. Plasma containing varying levels of commercial MTGase was pressurized (400MPa, room temperature, pH 7) for different times, and adjusted to pH 5.5 prior to heating to induce gelation. MTGase-treatment under HHP led to greater enhancement of heat-induced plasma gel properties as compared to control samples. The greatest improvements were achieved by pressurising plasma with 43.3U MTGase/g protein for 30min, thereby achieving recoveries of 49% and 63% in fracture force (gel strength) and fracture distance (gel deformability) of the subsequently heat-induced gels, respectively, relative to gel properties obtained by heating untreated plasma at physiological conditions (pH 7.5).     

牛血浆蛋白凝胶特性研究

研究不同加工条件如蛋白浓度、加热温度、离子强度和pH对牛血浆蛋白凝胶特性的影响。结果表明:蛋白浓度的提高有利于凝胶的形成,且形成凝胶的最低血浆蛋白浓度是4.0%;4.8%的血浆蛋白,线性升温到85℃保温20 min,能够很好形成凝胶,呈果冻状,光滑有弹性;NaCl浓度在1.0 mol/L以下时,血浆蛋白凝胶强度随离子强度的变化是先增加后减小,0.3 mol/L时取得最佳效果;在pH6.0~9.0范围内,pH为9.0时牛血浆蛋白凝胶的凝胶强度较好,保水性高,蒸煮损失低。NaCl和pH对于牛血浆蛋白的凝胶特性有极显著的互作效应。     

The influence of galactomannans with different amount of galactose side chains on the gelation of soy proteins at neutral pH

The influence of diverse galactomannans, differing mainly on the degree of branching (amount of galactose side chains along the main mannan backbone), on the heat-induced gelation of soybean proteins at pH 7, was investigated using dynamic oscillatory rheological measurements at low strain amplitude and microstructural analysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Rheological tests were performed during gel formation, induced by either isothermal heating or by heating/cooling at a constant rate. Two different protein concentrations were analysed, one in the vicinity of the critical gel conditions and the other corresponding to a well developed gel, whereas the galactomannan concentration ranged from 0 to 0.5%. The presence of the galactomannan promoted the gelation to occur for protein concentration below the critical gelation of soybean proteins alone, decreased the gelling temperature and had a positive effect on the gel strength of the heat-induced gels. These effects were more pronounced as the degree of branching decreases. The consequence of demixing and phase separation was dependent on biopolymer concentration and galactomannan branching, resulting in an array of microstructures, spanning emulsion-like, bicontinuous and aggregated morphologies. Structure development within the galactomannan-rich phases, dependent on the branching degree and on the capability of the galactomannan for self-association, may have played a role in the phase separation and viscoelasticity of the final gels. It was demonstrated that by using soybean proteins and galactomannan mixtures at above phase separation concentrations and controlling the polymer concentration and the length of the unsubstituted polysaccharide backbone, tailor-made viscoelasticities and microstructures can be obtained with useful applications in food formulation.     

转谷氨酰胺酶对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白凝胶性质的影响

以猪背最长肌为材料,研究转谷氨酰胺酶(TG)浓度对肌原纤维蛋白质(MP)热诱导凝胶强度和持水力的影响,探讨转谷氨酰胺酶在不同pH 值条件下对肌原纤维蛋白质凝聚性和交联的作用以及对热诱导凝胶强度、持水力的影响,比较TG 处理对凝胶结构的微观影响。结果表明：TG 处理会显著提高肌原纤维蛋白质的凝胶强度,TG最佳使用量为0.3%,NaCl 浓度为0.6mol/L,pH 值在5.8～6.4 之间时添加TG 会增加蛋白质的蒸煮损失,而pH 值在6.4～6.7 范围内添加TG 可降低蒸煮损失;电镜扫描结果表明TG 处理可改善热诱导凝胶的网络结构;TG 处理可改善肌原纤维蛋白的质构性质。     

Functional properties of isolated porcine blood proteins modified by Maillard’s reaction

Plasma proteins (albumin and immunoglobulins) and haemoglobin from porcine blood can be recovered from slaughterhouse waste. These proteins are employed as ingredients in food products on account of their functional properties. There are different methods to improve these properties, Maillard’s reaction probably being the most promising technique for food purposes. In the present study, 10 kDa dextran was employed to produce the conjugates. Three reaction temperatures were assayed, 80 °C for 60 min being found to be the most suitable to produce conjugates with enhanced functional properties. Both thermal stability and emulsification capacity were improved; gelling temperature was increased 15 °C; and gel strength was lowered 50% compared to native proteins. However, solubility decreased slightly. It has been demonstrated that the functional properties of blood proteins are enhanced through conjugation, showing a improvement in the application of the blood proteins in food products.     

Rheological Properties of Two Heat-Induced Protein Gels

Rheological properties of heat-induced gels from egg albumen and bovine plasma proteins were measured using a mechanical loading device. Each protein was tested at 8% protein concentration and heated for 0–120 min at 80°C in an agitating water bath. After heating, the viscosity index, apparent elasticity and initial penetration force of the gels were evaluated. Bovine plasma protein dispersions exhibited a substantially higher viscosity index, apparent elasticity and initial penetration force than egg albumen gels. Bovine plasma proteins produced a gel structure which was strong and elastic. By comparison, heat-induced gels of egg albumen proteins were fragile and somewhat brittle.     

大豆分离蛋白凝胶性影响因素研究

大豆分离蛋白具有良好凝胶性,因而在食品中有广泛应用。该实验对影响大豆分离蛋白热致凝胶和盐致凝胶外部因素进行研究,研究表明,大豆分离蛋白凝胶性能与蛋白质浓度、加热温度、加热时间、pH值、CaCl_2浓度等因素密切相关。