产蛋白酶菌Planomicrobium sp.L-2发酵条件的优化

通过优化从长蛸胃肠道筛选得到的产蛋白酶菌Planomicrobiumsp.L-2菌株的发酵条件,提高其产蛋白酶的活力。采用单因素实验研究发酵培养基的最佳碳源、氮源以及最佳发酵条件,采用Box-Behnken设计方法进行响应面实验设计,进一步优化培养基组成。结果表明,最佳培养基组成及发酵条件为:可溶性淀粉0.73%、蛋白胨0.68%、酵母膏0.15%、磷酸高铁0.01%、海水,培养基初始pH值8.0,接种量8%,发酵温度25℃,发酵时间3.5d。优化后,所产蛋白酶的最高酶活力为1 457U·mL-1,比优化前提高约2倍。     

黑曲霉产β-葡萄糖苷酶发酵条件的研究

通过单因素及正交实验对现存黑曲霉菌株产酶发酵条件进行了研究,结果表明:当培养基为:玉米芯4.0%;酵母粉1.0%;KH2PO40.4%;MgSO40.08%;(NH4)2SO40.4%;培养温度30℃,摇床转速220r/min,接种量6.0%,装液量40mL/250mL,初始pH值5.0,发酵周期168h;此条件下β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活达56.96IU/mL。     

产壳聚糖酶菌株的筛选及其发酵产酶条件的研究

从采集的土样中分离得到一株产壳聚糖酶的菌株,对该菌株发酵产酶条件进行了初步研究.确定其最适的产酶培养基为(%):壳聚糖1.0,葡萄糖0.1,酵母提取物0.5,(NH4)2SO4 1.0,K2HPO4 0.07,KH2PO4 0.03,NaCl 0.5,MgSO4·7H2O 0.05,起始pH值6.0;最适产酶培养条件为:装液量为70 mL/250 mL,接种量3%,30℃、150 r·min-1培养72 h.在最适产酶条件下,该菌株发酵液中壳聚糖酶活力最高达到1.96 U·mL-1.     

一株纤维素酶高产菌的筛选、鉴定与产酶研究

从蘑菇培养基质中筛选到一株纤维素酶高产菌株,将其命名为SAISA10,经形态学及分子生物学鉴定,确认该菌为真菌Hypocreales sp.。发酵产酶条件分析结果表明,该菌株最佳发酵条件为:发酵时间3d、发酵温度40℃、pH值4.0、m(羧甲基纤维素钠)∶m(麸皮)=1∶1(g∶g)、(NH4)2SO4含量0.8g·(100mL)-1。酶学性质初步研究结果表明,该菌株所产纤维素酶的最适酶解条件为:温度45~55℃、pH值4.0;最佳稳定条件为:温度40℃、pH值4.5。菌株SAISA10是一株高产纤维素酶的真菌,在高温和低pH值下仍有高活性和稳定性,具有较高的开发价值。     

细菌产β-葡萄糖苷酶发酵优化

从栀子果中分离到一株在较高温度下产β-葡萄糖苷酶的地衣芽孢杆菌,对其产酶条件进行了优化.通过单因素实验和正交实验确定该菌株产酶的最佳培养条件为:碳源(甘蔗渣粉∶麸皮=3∶1)5%,牛肉膏 0.5%,栀子甙 0.2%,KH2PO4 0.4%,MnSO4 0.04%,pH值9.0,装液量20 mL/250 mL,种子液接种量10%,45℃发酵24 h.优化条件下发酵液中的酶活可达到93.48 U·mL-1.     

香菇柄酶解糖化过程的研究

对以麸皮与香菇柄为原料、绿色木霉为菌种的固态发酵产酶进行了研究.结果表明:m(麸皮)∶m(香菇柄粉)为3∶2、料水比为1∶2.0、起始pH值为5.00时,所产纤维素酶水解香菇柄的得糖率最高.在此基础上进一步设计了4因素3水平正交实验,得到最佳水解工艺条件为:底物含量5%,酶量400FPA/100mL水,pH值5.00,温度50℃.在此条件下,香菇柄的得糖率达63.2%.     

海洋微生物溶菌酶的发酵优化与中试生产

以海洋细菌S-12-86为试验菌株,采用摇瓶发酵优化的方式,研究培养基组分(碳源、氮源、碳源与氮源的比例、金属离子)与发酵条件(培养温度、接种体积分数、装液体积分数、起始pH值、产酶周期)对海洋微生物溶菌酶产量的影响,并进行中试放大试验。结果表明:该菌产酶最佳培养基组分为:葡萄糖10 g/L,蛋白胨5 g/L,MgSO45 g/L,CaCl22 g/L;最适发酵培养温度为30℃,接种体积分数为4.0%,装液体积分数为10.0%,起始pH值为8.0,发酵周期24 h。海洋细菌S-12-86发酵优化后的产酶量(25636.8 U/mL)较优化前的产酶量(14454.4 U/mL)提高了75.4%。海洋微生物溶菌酶中试发酵的产酶量达26697.87 U/mL。说明摇瓶发酵优化条件可以应用于海洋微生物溶菌酶中试生产上。     

康宁木霉固态发酵秸秆生产纤维素酶的研究

采用康宁木霉(Trichodermakoningii)固体发酵生产纤维素酶,研究了秸杆粉和麦麸用量、料水比、起始pH值、温度和时间对该菌株产纤维素酶活力的影响。结果表明,康宁木霉的适宜发酵条件为:秸秆∶麦麸=3∶2,料水比1∶2,培养温度28～30℃,起始pH5.5～6.0时产酶活力最高。在适宜培养条件下,发酵周期为72h,发酵液中FPA酶活为172.3μmol/h.mL。     

棉布支架固定化米根霉联产果胶酶及用于处理烟梗

利用果胶酶处理烟梗纤维生产乳酸等对环境友好,而应用新的发酵组合方式和优化发酵条件是提高产酶量,降低成本的有效途径。本文采用实验室研发的棉布支架固定化米根霉细胞的技术,优化了底物为果胶或烟梗的发酵产果胶酶的培养条件,还优化了处理烟梗果胶的条件。底物为果胶的最佳产酶条件为:转速190r/min,装液量50mL/250mL,发酵温度30℃,初始pH值5,初始孢子浓度0.75×10⁶个/mL。底物为烟梗的最佳产酶条件为:初始pH值4.6、初始孢子浓度0.5×10⁶个/mL等。在优化处理烟梗果胶的条件下,固定化米根霉产果胶酶连续法比游离的果胶酶法降解烟梗果胶的效果好,果胶降解率提高18.5%,达到74.1%。棉布支架固定化米根霉利用果胶发酵产果胶酶量较高,利用烟梗发酵脱胶效果较好。     

一株产木聚糖酶菌株的筛选及发酵产酶条件优化

以木聚糖为唯一碳源,从含有大量腐烂枯枝树叶土壤中筛选到一株高产木聚糖酶菌株,经形态学分析和分子学鉴定,确定其为链霉属(Streptomyces)。通过单因素实验考察了碳源、氮源、初始pH值、发酵温度和发酵时间对酶活的影响;在单因素实验的基础上,利用Design-Expert软件对碳源、氮源和发酵时间进行响应面分析。单因素实验确定适宜发酵产酶条件为:复合碳源为玉米芯粉+蔗糖(1∶2)、氮源为硝酸铵、初始pH值4.0、发酵时间2.5d、发酵温度30℃,此时,所产木聚糖酶酶活为511U·mL~(-1);响应面分析确定最优发酵产酶条件为:复合碳源(玉米芯粉∶蔗糖=1∶2)添加量4.09%、氮源硝酸铵添加量1.16%、初始pH值4.0、发酵时间3.14d、发酵温度30℃,此时,所产木聚糖酶酶活达到641U·mL~(-1),较单因素实验提高了25.44%。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.