Applicability of DATEM for Chinese steamed bread made from flours of different gluten qualities

BACKGROUD: The diacetyl tartaric acid ester of monoglycerides (DATEM) is an anionic oil‐in‐water emulsifier. The effects of DATEM on bread vary with the type of flour. However, there is insufficient information concerning the effects of DATEM on the qualities of Chinese steamed bread (CSB) even though it is also sold as a CSB improver. RESULTS: The effects of DATEM on CSB varied with flours. The overall qualities of CSB made from either weak or strong wheat flours were improved by the use of the additive, but the effects for medium strong flours were slight and uncertain. The effects of DATEM on individual parameters, such as specific volume, skin and inner structure, were similar to those on overall quality. The addition of DATEM increased the gluten strength and the dough stability of weak flour, whereas it weakened gluten strength and strengthened dough stability of strong flour. The addition of DATEM weakened the gluten strength and gave variable effects on dough stabilities for two medium strong flours. CONCLUSION: The effects of DATEM on CSB quality varied with flour type, by affecting flour characteristics, such as gluten strength, dough stability and lipid content. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

谷朊粉对高含量荞麦面团的影响及其作用机理

本文全面研究了不同添加量谷朊粉(5%、10%和15%)对高含量(50%小麦粉替代率)荞麦面团流变学特性及馒头品质的影响,并以添加10%谷朊粉的混合面团和参照组(纯小麦粉)面团为基础,通过扫描电镜,红外光谱及分析面团中的化学作用力等分析手段,进一步探讨了谷朊粉对改善混合面团流变学性质及馒头品质方面的作用机理。结果表明,添加10%的谷朊粉能够增加荞麦-小麦混合面团中二硫键的含量,改变面团中的化学作用力(离子键、氢键含量和疏水作用力),进而改变面团中面筋蛋白的构象,改善面团的微观结构,从而改善混合粉的糊化特性及面团的粉质和拉伸特性,提高馒头的比容和弹性,改善馒头芯的孔隙结构,但仍达不到参照组馒头的品质,表明添加高含量荞麦全粉不仅仅是稀释面筋蛋白。     

Incorporating L-Ascorbyl 6-Palmitate in Bread and Its Shortening-Sparing and Anti-Firming Effects

L-Ascorbyl 6-palmitate (AP) was conveniently incorporated in bread dough by gently premixing AP in vegetable oil or shortening, adding the premix with the remaining ingredients and mixing the dough at conventional speeds. Alternatively, high-speed mixing of AP with formula flour or water also gave fully functional AP in bread doughs as evidenced by complete shortening replacement at 0.38% AP (based on flour weight) and by the absence of dark specks on the crust of bread. Compared to a mixture of 0.38% AP and 3% shortening or a mixture of 0.5% monodiglycerides and 3% shortening, AP alone at 0.38% in bread gave softer crumb after 1 to 5 days storage at 25°C. Sodium stearoyl 2-lactylate (SSL) at 0.38% gave the same softening effect as AP. In no-shortening loaves, 0.38% AP gave better grain than 0.75% L-ascorbyl 6-octanoate or 0.50% L-ascorbyl 6-dodecanoate.     

小麦粉储藏期面团流变发酵特性的变化（网络首发、推荐阅读）

传统发酵面制品工业化生产过程中,小麦粉后熟期对馒头类发酵食品生产工艺及产品特性有明显的影响,常常造成质量波动。以自制的室内储藏小麦粉为样品,借助面团流变发酵仪等设备,定期分析面团流变发酵特性,以及馒头质量感官评价数据,确定合理的小麦粉后熟期。结果显示,小麦粉在储藏过程中,面团稳定时间增加,弱化度降低;流变学特性改善;发酵流变仪的发酵体积明显降低;蒸制馒头体积降低,但馒头感官评价数据的变化趋势不甚明显。F4流变发酵仪测试结果可以反映面团的流变发酵特性;其面团达到最大高度时所需时间（T1）、最大发酵高度（Hm）和发酵终点高度（h）等参数对馒头制作具有明显地指导意义。建议工业化制作馒头专用小麦粉的储藏期不低于7 d。     

Effects of microencapsulated glucose oxidase on wheat flour dough properties and Chinese steamed bread quality

This study was to investigate the effects of microencapsulated glucose oxidase (MGO), in comparison with free glucose oxidase (GO), on wheat flour dough properties and Chinese steamed bread (CSB) quality. Effects on wet gluten (WG) content, farinograms and extensograms properties, dynamic rheological properties, microscopic structure, texture profile and sensory evaluation scores were studied. The results demonstrated that MGO catalysed the oxidation of dough at a much slower speed and exerted relatively great advantages in many aspects such as WG content, extensibility, G′ (Elastic modulus), G″ (viscous modulus), tan δ (equal to G′/G″), microstructure and texture properties and sensory evaluation scores of CSB, compared with free GO. The results suggested that slow oxidation of MGO was superior to free GO based on the improvements of wheat flour dough properties and subsequent CSB quality.     

豆渣粉对小麦面团、馒头质构特性及馒头品质的影响

为了解豆渣粉对面团及馒头特性的影响,每100 g面粉中分别添加0、5、10、15、20 g豆渣粉,利用质构仪测定分析豆渣粉添加量对面团及馒头质构特性的影响,然后对馒头感官品质进行评价。结果表明：随着豆渣粉添加量的增加,面团及馒头的硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性及黏附性显著增加（P＜0.05）;面团的内聚性、弹性变化不显著;馒头的内聚性、弹性呈显著降低趋势;馒头的感官品质变差。因此,豆渣粉的添加,改变了面团和馒头的质构特性及馒头的感官品质。     

添加阿拉伯木聚糖酶对荞麦馒头品质的影响

为了改善荞麦馒头品质,研究了添加阿拉伯木聚糖酶对荞麦馒头品质特性(比容、扩展比、质构及感官评价)和老化特性的影响。通过低场核磁实验测定荞麦馒头储藏期间的水分分布及水分迁移,探讨阿拉伯木聚糖酶改善荞麦馒头品质及抗老化的作用机制。结果表明,当阿拉伯木聚糖酶添加量在质量分数40 mg/kg时,荞麦馒头的品质改善效果最明显,感官评价得分最高。储藏期间,与空白组相比,添加质量分数40 mg/kg的阿拉伯木聚糖酶,馒头硬度明显减小。添加阿拉伯木聚糖酶后,T_(21)增加,T_(22)减小,A_(21)减小,A_(22)增大,结合水含量减少,自由水含量增大,水分较好地保持在面团中,说明添加阿拉伯木聚糖酶可以降低荞麦馒头硬度,延缓馒头老化。     

专用油脂对冷冻面团焙烤品质的影响

将以棕榈油和大豆油为原料制备的专用油脂应用于冷冻面团中,研究专用油脂对冷冻面团流变学特性影响及对冷冻面团焙烤面包品质的影响。结果表明：添加专用油脂制备的冷冻面团面包比容大、纹理细腻、口感柔和、品质良好;专用油脂可以有效地提高冷冻面团的筋力和延伸性,并能延缓冷冻面团因冻藏导致的焙烤品质下降,对延缓面包老化效果良好;确定专用油脂在冷冻面团中的添加量为配方中面粉质量的6%。     

高产α-半乳糖苷酶乳酸菌发酵对鹰嘴豆酸面团生化特性及其面包烘焙品质的影响

使用一株高产α-半乳糖苷酶的发酵乳杆菌C2-8作为鹰嘴豆酸面团发酵剂,通过高效液相色谱法、质构仪分析、固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用、电子舌分析和感官评定等方法,研究其对鹰嘴豆酸面团有机酸含量、棉子糖、水苏糖和还原糖含量、游离氨基酸水平及面包烘焙品质的影响。结果表明：鹰嘴豆酸面团发酵24 h后产生62.67 mmol/kg乳酸和15.53 mmol/kg乙酸,酸面团棉子糖及水苏糖完全被降解,还原糖质量分数达到11.50%,总游离氨基酸含量是发酵前的1.26 倍。比容及质构数据表明,鹰嘴豆酸面团面包（chickpea sourdough bread,CSB）较鹰嘴豆面包（chickpea bread,CB）比容提高4.60%,硬度降低18.49%,咀嚼性降低15.64%。CSB的醇类、酸类、酯类、酮类风味化合物峰面积较CB明显提高,其中苯乙醇峰面积提高1.04 倍,甜味、咸味、鲜味、酸味等滋味均优于CB,风味特性整体得到改善。除色泽评分外,CSB其他感官评定指标得分均高于CB,整体可接受度达到7.2 分。     

大豆7S和11S球蛋白对面团特性及馒头品质的影响

本文研究了大豆浓缩蛋白(CSP)、7S和11S球蛋白的添加对小麦粉面团的粉质、糊化、水分分布、迁移等特性和对馒头质构及感官品质的影响。结果表明:添加CSP可使面团的稳定时间增加,弱化度减小,而添加7S和11S可使面团的稳定时间减小,弱化度增加;添加CSP、7S和11S混合粉面团的抗老化程度、持水性有强到弱依次为11S、7S、CSP;馒头的硬度、咀嚼性均有所降低,由大到小依次为CSP、7S、11S;添加3%的11S球蛋白的馒头形态、质构、口感、风味良好,感官评分最高(90分)。本研究可为CSP、7S和11S在馒头中的应用提供理论依据。     

马铃薯蒸馍的配方优化

为了开发高含量马铃薯泥主食制品,本文探究了马铃薯泥含量为50%的马铃薯蒸馍的最优配方。以面团发酵特性、蒸馍感官评分、质构和色差等为指标,采用单因素和正交试验优化了马铃薯蒸馍配方。结果表明,随着谷朊粉含量增加,面团比容先增大后减小、宽高比先减小后增大,蒸馍的硬度、胶着度和咀嚼度先减小后增大,感官评分先增大后减小;随着棕榈油和酵母含量增加,面团比容增大、宽高比减小,蒸馍的硬度、胶着度和咀嚼度和感官评分增大。正交试验优化得到蒸馍的最佳配方为:马铃薯薯泥50%、面粉30%、谷朊粉5%、水7%、棕榈油4%、酵母3.5%、小苏打0.2%、盐0.3%,在此条件下得到的马铃薯蒸馍的感官评分为90.50分,蒸馍表面光滑、色泽亮丽均匀、外观挺立饱满并且具有马铃薯香气。本研究结果可为马铃薯主食化加工提供了理论基础。     

Effect of soybean addition on the rheological properties and breadmaking quality of wheat flour

The effects of enzyme‐active full‐fat (EAFFSF), heat‐treated full‐fat (HTFFSF) and enzyme‐active defatted (EADSF) soy flours and commercial soy protein isolates (SPIs) on mixing properties and extensibility of dough, gluten formation, gas production and retention properties of dough and bread quality were studied. The soy products utilised in this study presented values of urease activity, nitrogen solubility index (NSI) and enthalpies of protein denaturation according to their previous heat processing. Soy products interfered in gluten formation, weakened dough strength and decreased dough gas retention capacity. Bread quality was negatively affected by soy product addition. The negative effects were exacerbated by an increase in soy/wheat ratio. Soybean protein state was identified as an important factor in determining dough and bread properties. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

3种功能性蛋白对淀粉-面筋重组面团流变学特性及馒头品质的影响

大豆蛋白、乳清蛋白和酪蛋白是营养丰富的蛋白质来源。本研究考察3种外添蛋白介入对重构面团特性及馒头品质的影响。结果表明,在热机械学特性方面,大豆蛋白使面团的吸水率增大,乳清蛋白使吸水率显著下降,酪蛋白对吸水率没有显著影响。添加3种蛋白质都可显著提高面团稳定时间,其中酪蛋白影响最大,乳清蛋白影响最小。乳清蛋白和酪蛋白对面团中的淀粉糊化相关参数影响较小,大豆蛋白对峰值扭矩C3和回值产生显著的影响。3种外添蛋白质介入对重构面团动态流变学参数有一定的影响,其中大豆蛋白对面团体系弹性模量及黏性模量影响最大,酪蛋白其次,乳清蛋白影响较小。在馒头品质方面,3种蛋白对馒头弹性参数有积极影响;10%乳清蛋白替换量对馒头风味有积极影响;10%酪蛋白替换量馒头感官评价和空白对照组接近。本研究结果为探究外添蛋白与面团关键组分的作用规律奠定基础。     

Effect of heat-moisture treated maize starch on the properties of dough and bread

Twenty percent of wheat flour was substituted with heat-moisture treated maize starch (HMT-M) or native maize starch (N-M), and the dough properties and the bread qualities were studied. Bread was baked with optimum (farinogram water absorption (63.0–66.4%)), 70% and 75% of water at the presence or absence of shortening. Elasticity of the dough with HMT-M decreased as compared with that of N-M and the control (without any maize starches) as measured by farinograph. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and viscograph results showed that HMT-M hardly swelled and gelatinized in the dough. Specific volume of bread and softness of crumb baked with optimum water absorption decreased by the substitution of HMT-M. Bread quality containing HMT-M was improved at 70% water absorption as compared with optimum water absorption. By the addition of shortening, the specific volume of bread baked with HMT-M increased and the grain structure became finer. However, the firmness of crumb baked with HMT-M at the presence or absence of shortening was the same. As a result, HMT-M is still needed to study further for its application in breadmaking.     

传统起子(酵头)的微生物分析及其对馒头品质的影响(英文)

馒头是一种中国主要的发酵食品。传统方法制作馒头是用酵头发酵的,酵头也叫起子、面肥。本文主要研究酵头的微生物组成以及对馒头品质的影响。采用平板划线法对12个酵头进行乳酸菌、酵母菌计数和分离。分离得到的菌种用生物梅里埃的Vitek-32系统进行自动鉴定。通过感官评价和(TPA)质地剖面分析分析来比较酵头发酵馒头和工厂化生产馒头的品质差别。12个酵头的乳酸菌计数的均数为8．11g CFU/g,酵母菌计数的均数为7．7 1g CFU/g。干燥的酵头的酵母菌计数(8．21g CFU/g)显著高于湿酵头(7．21g CFU/g,p＜0．05)。分离得到的3株酵母都为Saccharomyces cerevisiae(啤酒酵母),3株细菌分别为Bacillus cereus(蜡样芽胞杆菌),Acinetobacter lwoffii(鲁氏不动杆菌),Brevibacillus brevis(短小芽胞杆菌)。在酵头发酵馒头面团过程中,随时间延长pH降低,酵母菌和乳酸菌计数增加。与工厂化生产的馒头比较,酵头发酵馒头有较好的内部结构,相对较差的气味,而在感官评价的总分上与工厂化生产的馒头没有显著的差别。TPA分析的结果表明酵头发酵馒头在以下几个指标上显著高于其中一种工厂化生产的馒头(p＜0．05):硬度、胶性,咀嚼性,凝聚性,粘附性。总的来说,TPA分析结果表明酵头发酵馒头有着较好的食用品质。     

Bread Dough and Baker's Yeast: An Uplifting Synergy

Yeast‐mediated dough fermentation is an important phase in the bread making process. The fermentative performance of yeast cells during fermentation is of critical importance for final bread quality, since yeast cells produce CO₂ and other metabolites that have an influence on dough rheology and bread texture, volume, and taste. Different factors affect the fermentative performance of yeast cells during dough fermentation, including dough ingredients, fermentation conditions, the type of yeast strain used and yeast pregrowth conditions. Bread dough is a complex matrix that contains several ingredients that can affect the fermentation rate of yeast cells. Although the individual effects of sugar availability and salt level on the leavening ability of yeast have been studied extensively, a comprehensive overview of the relationship between bread dough constituents, fermentation conditions and yeast functionality is still lacking. Moreover, the dough environment is highly variable as several types of dough like lean, sweet or frozen doughs are currently produced by commercial bread producers. For optimal fermentation rates in different types of dough, the use of appropriate yeast strains with specific phenotypic traits is required. Therefore, many researchers have focused on the improvement of yeast strains for optimal fermentation in different types of dough like lean, sweet or frozen dough. Against this background, this review summarizes the current knowledge on the interaction between bread dough and baker's yeast and how to improve this interaction, thereby providing a useful background for further research concerning the functionality of yeast in bread dough.     

Dough and Hearth Bread Characteristics Influenced by Protein Composition, Protein Content, DATEM, and Their Interactions

ABSTRACT: The effects of protein composition, protein content, diacetyl tartaric acid ester of monoglycerides (DATEM), and their interaction on dough and bread characteristics were studied by small- and pilot-scale hearth bread baking, dough rheological testing using the Kieffer extensibility rig, and size distribution of proteins. Protein composition had the largest influence on dough and bread characteristics. There was interaction effect between protein quality and protein content on dough behavior. High percentage of sodium dodecyl sulfate-unextractable polymeric proteins in flours gave large area and good form ratio. Increased ratio between monomeric and polymeric proteins resulted in decreased form ratio. Addition of DATEM altered the rheological behavior of the dough and the bread-making performance. The effect was, however, small compared with the effect of the protein composition.     

Characteristics of wheat dough and Chinese steamed bread added with sodium alginates or konjac glucomannan

In this study, wheat flour was dry-blended with sodium alginates (ALG) and konjac glucomannan (KGM) at 0.2% and 0.8% w/w flour as-is moisture basis. Dough mixing and stretching properties were assessed by farinograph and extensograph, respectively. Chinese steamed bread (CSB) samples prepared were compared in terms of spread ratio, specific volume and staling behaviour. In general, ALG and KGM addition was found to produce dough with rigid and weak network, respectively. Chinese steamed bread with ALG (0.2%) or KGM (0.8%) addition was relatively low in spread ratio and specific volume, but softer and more resistant to staling on storage as compared to the control sample.     

Effect of endoxylanases on dough properties and making performance of Chinese steamed bread

Two kinds of endoxylanase (XYL), one is a solid-phase enzyme (S-XYL) and the other a liquid-phase enzyme (L-XYL), were used to test their effect on the properties of dough and the quality of Chinese steamed bread (CSB). The textural properties of wheat dough made with the two enzymes were investigated. Parameters from the texture profile analysis (TPA) were determined after mixing the dough at 0th, 5th, 10th, 15th and 20th min, respectively. Both enzymes decreased farinograph parameters. They also influenced mixograms including decreasing time to peak and peak height. It was apparent that the decrease in hardness of the dough by adding S-XYL and L-XYL, respectively was more than that of the control sample and the sample with added yeast. It was found that the longer the time of fermentation, the lower the hardness of the dough. The mixing time was reduced by adding L-XYL by about 27.5%. The fermentation time was decreased by adding S-XYL or L-XYL. The addition of S-XYL and L-XYL on CSB resulted in increased specific volume, spread ratio and decreased crumb softness. A decreasing trend in L* value, a slightly increasing tendency in a* value and a slightly decreasing trend in b* value exist in crumb colour.     

低分子量瓜尔豆胶膳食纤维对面团流变学特性和馒头品质

研究低分子质量瓜尔豆胶膳食纤维(partially hydrolyzed guar gum,PHGG)对面团流变学和馒头品质影响。mixolab实验结果表明,PHGG对面筋蛋白有弱化作用;添加适量的PHGG能延长面团的形成时间和稳定时间;PHGG能一定程度的抑制淀粉回生。在PHGG添加量3%时,馒头比容达到最大,相比对照增大15.5%。随着PHGG添加量增加馒头硬度、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼性降低,而黏附性增加。感官评价实验结果表明,PHGG添加量为3%时,馒头的综合感官评价得分最高。PHGG添加量在2%以上时,可以显著延缓馒头老化。PHGG可以降低馒头体外消化时的升糖指数。综合实验结果,PHGG添加量为3%时,馒头的品质最好。