萘-萘酚-苯甲醛沥青树脂的合成研究

在浓硫酸的催化作用下,采用阳离子聚合法在萘-苯甲醛二元组分沥青树脂分子链上引入了萘酚分子,合成了萘-萘酚-苯甲醛三元组分沥青树脂。用FT-IR光谱仪表征了合成树脂的结构。通过单因素实验,考察了合成条件对沥青树脂软化点、结焦值和黏结强度等黏结性能的影响规律。实验结果表明,合成萘-萘酚-苯甲醛沥青树脂适宜的工艺条件:萘、萘酚和苯甲醛的物质的量比为0.67∶0.33∶1,反应温度为160℃,反应时间为300 min,催化剂用量为10%。在此条件下,合成沥青树脂的软化点为87.5℃,结焦值为32.1%,黏结强度为41.1。改变反应体系中萘酚的物质的量,能获得具有不同黏结性能的萘-萘酚-苯甲醛三元组分沥青树脂。     

催化油浆重质芳烃制备沥青树脂

以催化油浆重质芳烃为原料,苯甲醛为交联剂,在浓硫酸作催化剂条件下,合成沥青树脂。采用FTIR探究了反应机理,采用TGA考察了合成树脂的热重反应性能。通过单因素实验,考察了合成条件对沥青树脂软化点、残炭量、收率的影响。结果表明,反应机理为质子催化下的缩聚反应;合成树脂的工艺条件为:交联剂用量70%,反应时间为5 h,反应温度为130℃,催化剂用量为6%。合成树脂的收率为83.2%,残炭量为27.6%,软化点为76.5℃。     

萘沥青的合成条件与其中间相热转化行为的关系研究

以萘为原料,采用AlCl3催化合成和热转化处理二步法制备了高软化点、低QI含量的优质萘系中间相沥青。通过分析表征不同条件下合成的萘沥青经热转化后所得中间相沥青的性质和中间相织构形态,重点研究了萘沥青的合成条件与其中间相热转化行为间的内在关系,以确定合成萘沥青的最佳工艺参数。结果表明,在合成温度240℃、合成时间6 h、催化剂用量10%的条件下合成的萘沥青在390℃恒温8 h后能得到100%的广域流线型的体中间相沥青,其软化点为244.6℃,QI含量仅为10.32%。     

煤焦油沥青树脂黏结剂的制备研究

采用交联合成法,以煤焦油为原料,多聚甲醛为交联剂,在酸性催化剂对甲苯磺酸的作用下制备煤焦油沥青树脂。采用正交试验法研究了交联剂量、催化剂量、反应温度和反应时间对合成煤焦油沥青树脂的影响。结果表明,增加交联剂量和催化剂量可以起到降低反应温度和缩短反应时间的效果;煤焦油沥青树脂的软化点、结焦值和黏结强度等指标均随反应温度升高和反应时间延长而明显增加。     

中低温煤焦油沥青催化聚合制备改质沥青

以中低温煤焦油沥青为原料,采用催化聚合法制备改质沥青,并在中低温煤焦油沥青中加入乙烯焦油和蒽油进行调和来提高改质沥青的流变性能,分别考察反应时间、反应温度及催化剂和交联剂的加入量对改质沥青的软化点、结焦值、甲苯不溶物含量和喹啉不溶物含量的影响。结果表明:加入乙烯焦油和蒽油调和可以有效提高改质沥青的流变性能,催化剂和交联剂按照1∶1的质量比加入,可以有效降低改质沥青的软化点,这是因为酸性催化剂和交联剂之间形成相对均相的反应体系,解决了改质沥青软化点高的问题。采用调和中低温煤焦油沥青制备改质沥青,筛选出的最佳工艺条件为:反应温度370℃,反应时间7h,催化剂和交联剂的加入量2.5%,该条件下制备的改质沥青的性质符合工业标准YB/T 5194-2015的要求,改质沥青的软化点为120℃,结焦值为56.28%,甲苯不溶物含量为30.52%,喹啉不溶物含量为8.21%,β树脂含量为22.31%。采用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪和偏光显微镜对制备出的改质沥青和中低温煤焦油沥青进行分析,初步推断出改质沥青中化合物芳环上的取代基明显增加且烷基取代的化合物大多数为芳烃分子,且在偏光显微镜下改质沥青中出现小球体,表明中低温煤焦油沥青在制备成改质沥青的这一过程中其相对分子质量变大,稠环芳烃含量增多。     

煤液化残渣共溶剂法制备中间相沥青

对神华煤液化残渣进行一步加氢-聚合处理制备中间相沥青。采用元素分析、红外、核磁共振等多种手段研究沥青产物的组成与结构,确定合适的工艺参数,为工业化生产提供指导。考察了四氢萘加入量和反应温度对中间相沥青收率和形态的影响,发现在380～390℃下,液化残渣和四氢萘质量比3∶1,保温8～10 h的条件下,得到了含量近100%的广域型中间相沥青,软化点在240℃左右,具有一定的可纺性。     

苯甲醛对煤焦油软沥青的聚合改性研究

以低喹啉不溶物含量(w(QI)0.1%)的煤焦油软沥青为原料,在浓硫酸催化作用下用苯甲醛对其进行聚合改性,制备性能优良的浸渍剂沥青。采用FT-IR研究了苯甲醛的改性机理,并用TGA分析了改性沥青的热失重行为,通过单因素实验考察了改性条件对改性沥青的软化点、结焦值和族组成等性能的影响规律。结果表明,苯甲醛改性煤焦油软沥青制备炭材料用浸渍剂沥青较适宜的工艺条件为:煤焦油软沥青与苯甲醛的摩尔比为1∶1,反应温度为160℃,反应时间为150 min,催化剂用量为8%。在此条件下,改性沥青的软化点为95.1℃,结焦值为47.8%,QI含量为0.36%,达到了高性能浸渍剂沥青的指标要求。     

由脱晶蒽油制备沥青树脂的研究

以脱晶蒽油为原料,苯甲醛为交联剂,在浓硫酸的催化作用下合成了沥青树脂.采用FT-IR和TCA分析手段研究了缩聚反应机理和热失重行为.试验过程中考察了合成条件对沥青树脂的结焦值、恩氏黏度和黏结强度等性能的影响.结果表明,脱晶蒽油与苯甲醛发生了阳离子聚合反应,与原料相比,沥青树脂的残炭值提高了24％,最大失重速率时的温度相对升高了143℃.改变合成工艺条件能调控沥青树脂的性能指标.     

热缩聚法制备包覆沥青的基础研究

包覆沥青对提高锂离子电池负极材料的性能起到重要作用。以乙烯渣油沥青为原料,通过常压热缩聚法制备包覆沥青。考察了反应温度、反应时间对包覆沥青的基础指标(软化点、甲苯不溶物、喹啉不溶物和结焦值)和光学显微结构的影响。研究结果表明：以N₂作为保护气体,当热缩聚反应温度为390℃,反应时间为4 h的条件下,制备出了软化点为200℃,甲苯不溶物为35.47%,喹啉不溶物为1.11%,结焦值为67%的各向同性沥青。通过FTIR和TGA分析可知,乙烯渣油沥青和高软化点各向同性沥青的芳香性指数(Iar)分别为0.526 6和0.5377,在700℃热解残余质量分别为20.22%和50.79%。表明乙烯渣油沥青通过热缩聚处理后得到的高软化点各向同性沥青具有较高的芳香性和良好的热稳定性,是一种优质的包覆沥青。     

乙烯渣油沥青的改性及表征

以乙烯渣油沥青为原料,通过常压空气氧化聚合处理对其进行改性,利用单因素方法考察了反应条件(反应温度、反应时间、空气流量)对改性沥青性质(软化点、喹啉不溶物、结焦值、甲苯不溶物、收率)的影响。结果表明,在反应温度370℃,反应时间5 h,空气流量24 L/h的条件下,可以获得软化点(SP)为233℃、喹啉不溶物(QI)为1.21%、结焦值(CV)为75.45%、甲苯不溶物(TI)为43.42%的改性沥青,其收率(Y)可达51.67%。通过元素分析、FTIR等手段对乙烯渣油沥青和改性沥青的芳香性指数(I_(ar))、支链化指数(CH_3/CH_2)进行计算,并利用TGA方法观察改性前后沥青的热稳定性变化。结果表明,乙烯渣油沥青和改性沥青的I_(ar)分别为0.39,0.53,CH_3/CH_2分别为0.88,1.08,说明改性过程中乙烯渣油沥青支链不断减少,芳香缩合度和热稳定性均有所提高。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。