微波法制备花生壳活性炭的研究

研究以花生壳为原料、以Zn Cl2为活化剂,采用微波加热碳化法制备了花生壳活性炭,探讨了活化剂浓度、浸渍时间、微波功率及活化时间等因素对花生壳活性炭制品对亚甲基蓝吸附性能的影响,并通过正交实验优化了工艺参数。结果表明:微波功率为最主要因素,活化剂浓度为次要因素;实验条件下最佳工艺参数活化剂Zn Cl2浓度为40%、浸渍时间为36 h、微波加热功率为600 W、活化时间为7. 5min时,花生壳活性炭的吸附率较好,对亚甲基蓝的吸附率达到94. 8%。     

光合竹制备活性炭吸附剂的工艺探讨

以光合竹为原料,研究了其制备活性炭的工艺条件,考察了活化剂浓度、固液比、活化时间以及活化温度等因素对活性炭碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响。实验结果表明,用化学法制备光合竹活性炭的最佳工艺参数为:以Zn Cl2为活化剂,Zn Cl2浓度为5 mol/L,活化剂浸渍时间为2 h,固液比为1∶4,活化时间为60 min,活化温度为500℃。在此工艺条件下所制备活性炭得率为48.8%,亚甲基蓝吸附值为197.14 mg/g,碘吸附值为1 034.30 mg/g,样品质量指标接近净化用活性炭标准。     

碳分子筛的制备及影响因素的研究

以酚醛树脂材料为原料,采用二次炭化法制备碳分子筛.对影响碳分子筛性能的主要因素进行了探究,得出制备碳分子筛的最佳工艺条件：一次炭化温度为750℃,一次炭化时间为100 min,升温速率为10℃/min,二次炭化温度为850℃,二次炭化时间为2.5 h,活化剂浓度为50％.     

木质素活性炭脱硫剂的制备及其性能研究

以造纸黑液提取的木质素为原料,以脱硫率为评价指标,采用Zn Cl2浓活化工艺制备出木质素活性炭。实验结果表明:最佳制备条件为Zn Cl2浓度20%、浸渍比3.0、浸渍温度70℃、活化温度400℃、活化时间120 min;Zn Cl2浓浸渍条件对其产品的脱硫性能有重要影响,制备所得木质素活性炭可实现模拟烟气中SO2的高效脱除,其脱硫机过程同时存在物理和化学吸附。     

用槟榔渣制备活性炭的工艺研究

对以槟榔渣为原料、采用一步化学炭活化法制备活性炭的工艺进行了研究。结果表明，活化剂的种类和浓度、活化剂溶液与槟榔渣的液固比(质量比，下同)、活化时间及活化温度等对产品性能及收率都有一定的影响，通过实验确定了最佳工艺条件为：ZnCl2作活化剂，ZnCl2溶液的质量分数为25％～30％，ZnCl2溶液与槟榔渣的液固比为5：1，炭活化温度为550～600℃，炭活化时间为4．5—5．0h。按此工艺条件制备的活性炭，产品收率达37%以上，活性炭性能优良。亚甲基蓝吸附值达280mg/g左右。     

磷酸法蔗渣制备活性炭研究

以甘蔗糖厂废弃的蔗渣为活性碳的生产原料,以磷酸作为活化剂生产活性炭,探索了生产活性炭的工艺条件。结果显示,最佳工艺条件为：陈化时间9 h、炭化温度300℃、炭化时间120min、活化温度400℃。活性炭的焦糖脱色率、亚甲基蓝吸附值两项指标均达到一级品的要求。     

稻壳基硅碳锂离子电池负极材料制备研究

以生物基质稻壳为原料，氯化锌为活化剂，采用简单的浸渍、炭化工艺成功制备了Si/C复合材料。系统地研究活化剂物质的量配比、炭化温度等工艺参数对炭化产物结构和电化学性能影响，并通过XRD、BET等对产物进行表征分析。结果表明：在炭化600℃和稻壳与氯化锌的配比为1∶2的条件下制备出产品结构和电化学性能最优，首次可逆充放电比容量可达711 m Ah/g。产物含有大量微孔，孔径较大，有利于锂离子嵌入和嵌出。     

以稻壳为原料制备活性炭研究

本文以稻壳为原料制备粉末活性炭，对其进行了亚甲基蓝吸附值和碘吸附值的测试。采用NaOH为活化剂制备稻壳活性炭，考察了炭化温度、炭化时间、活化温度、活化时间以及碱浓度对制备活性炭的影响。研究表明：稻壳制备活性炭的最佳工艺条件为：稻壳在700℃的条件下炭化5h，与2．5mol／L的NaOH溶液混合，采用先低温（400℃）预处理再高温（700℃）活化1.5h，制备的稻壳活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值和碘吸附值分别为250mg／g和726mg／g。     

KOH活化焦油渣制备活性炭的研究

以武钢焦化公司焦油渣为原料,KOH为活化剂,采用正交实验研究了活化温度、活化时间、碱炭比（氢氧化钾与焦化除尘灰的质量比）和炭化温度对所制活性炭吸附性能的影响,得出制备焦油渣基活性炭影响因素主次顺序为活化温度、活化时间、碱炭比、炭化温度,最佳活化条件为活化温度为800℃,活化时间为100min,碱炭比为4：1,炭化温度为400℃。在此条件下制备活性炭的碘吸附值为1300．765mg／g。     

桑枝基活性炭的制备及其对多环芳烃菲的吸附

以废弃桑枝为原料,以磷酸氢二铵为活化剂制备活性炭,考察了浸渍比、炭化温度、炭化时间、活化温度和活化时间对活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响,确定了制备桑枝基活性炭的最佳工艺条件。研究了桑枝基活性炭对水中多环芳烃菲的吸附性能。结果表明制备活性炭的最佳工艺条件：浸渍比为2：1、炭化温度为400℃、炭化时间为90min、活化温度为800℃、活化时间为120min。制备的活性炭对多环芳烃菲具有较好的吸附效果,初始浓度为1000μg／L的菲在桑枝活性炭上吸附去除率可达71．7％,吸附平衡时间为240min。Freundlich吸附模型可较好地模拟菲在桑枝基活性炭上的吸附等温线。菲的吸附以物理吸附为主,吸附较易进行。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。