胆管细胞型肝癌的CT,MRI及血管造影表现（附八例报告）

报告８例经手术及病理证实的胆管细胞型肝癌，主要观察其ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ及血管造影表现。８例中男６例，妇２例，年龄４２－６４岁，影像学检查包括、ＭＲＩ及血管造影，主要表现：（１）ＣＴ平扫为单发分叶状低密度块影，巨块型者密度不均；注射造影剂后４例呈边缘性增强（４／６）；１例伴有肝硬化、脾大。（２）ＭＲＩＴ１加权像上病变呈低信号，Ｔ２加权像上信号较高，５例可见瘢痕结构（５／７）；注射造影剂后早期，５例呈中等度     

颅内黑色素瘤的影像诊断(附7例分析)

目的：探讨颅内黑色素瘤ＣＴ、ＭＲ影像特征及其诊断。材料和方法：７例颅内黑色素瘤患者中男４例,女３例,年龄１０～５９岁。５例皮肤有黑色素瘤,２例有颅内黑色素瘤切除史。２例行ＣＴ加ＭＲＩ,４例单行ＭＲ,１例仅行ＣＴ检查。结果：３例ＣＴ平扫均为高密度影,形态不规则。增强扫描肿瘤明显增强。６例ＭＲＩＴ１ＷＩ肿瘤均表现为高信号,其中５例Ｔ２ＷＩ低信号,１例低高信号。Ｔ１ＷＩ增强扫描６例不规则增强。结论：颅内黑色素性黑色素瘤ＭＲＩ具有特征性表现,而非黑色素性黑色素瘤不具特征性,ＭＲＩ显示黑色素瘤累及脑实质及浸润脑膜的范围和定性诊断优于ＣＴ。     

肝细胞癌胆管内生长的MRI、CT表现及病理基础

目的探讨肝细胞癌（ＨＣＣ）胆管内生长的影像学检查方法及其表现。方法经手术和病理证实为本病１８例，其中ＭＲＩ检查１７例，ＣＴ增强扫描１１例。结果ＭＲＩ检查均显示ＨＣＣ肝内原发病变和胆管内生长的癌栓；ＣＴ检查除１例肝内原发病变未检出外其余病变均显示。结论ＨＣＣ胆管内生长影像学上可见二类：一是原发病灶直接侵犯相邻胆管，二是原发病灶癌细胞种植在较远的胆管内形成癌栓。ＭＲＩ、ＣＴ检出本病和确定诊断优于直接法胆系造影     

颅脑血管外皮细胞瘤的CT、MRI与病理对照研究

目的：探讨颅脑血管外皮细胞瘤的临床、病理和ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ特征。材料与方法：收集经ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ诊断为脑膜瘤,经手术病理证实为血管外皮细胞瘤１２例,年龄３４￣５８岁。ＣＴ检查７例,均采用增强前、后常规扫描。ＭＲＩ检查１２例,采用ＳＥ序列增强前、后扫描。结果：１２例肿瘤全部发生在颅内脑外,７例ＣＴ平扫呈低等混合密度２例,呈等高混合密度５例;增强后扫描呈不均匀强化６例,均匀强化１例。骨窗显示病灶局部侵蚀性骨质破坏４例。ＭＲＩ平扫,Ｔ１ＷＩ呈等高不均匀信号１０例,呈等信号２例;Ｔ２ＷＩ呈不均匀等高信号１０例,呈等信号２例。１２例中７例显示脑膜尾征;增强后扫描１ 均呈不均匀强化。结论：血管外皮细胞瘤具有一定的ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ特征性表现：分叶状、丰富的血管流空、肿瘤内密度或信号不均匀、无肿瘤内钙化和骨质增生、局部颅骨呈溶骨性破坏。     

肝移植术后胆系并发症的T管造影表现

目的 探讨肝移植术后胆系并发症的T管造影表现及其意义。资料与方法 搜集52例肝移植术后T管造影病例中发生胆系并发症的患者24例，其中男20例，女4例，年龄21～64岁。所有病例均行T管造影，并将X线表现与肝穿刺病理所见对照。结果并发症发生率为46．1％(24／52)。T管造影表现：(1)9例早期胆汁淤积症，T管造影无胆管梗阻，但肝内胆树稀疏，分支细，有时呈“垂柳状”外观；(2)10例胆总管吻合口胆瘘，表现为吻合口对比剂外漏，形成不规则状阴影；(3)5例胆管吻合口狭窄，表现为胆总管吻合口的不规则形充盈缺损，对比剂经吻合口排人远段胆管困难；(4)5例胆管内结石／胆泥形成，表现为胆管内充盈缺损；(5)6例胆管炎，肝内胆管细小，走行僵硬，胆管炎严重者可表现为胆管近肝门段狭窄、远段扩张的独特外观；(6)3例肝外胆管吻合后过长，长度超过13cm。肝移植术后胆管并发症的患者T管造影表现可同时出现上述征象1～4种。结论 T管造影可以明确肝移植术后的胆管并发症，对肝移植术后胆系的评价具有重要的价值，是肝移植术后常规检查手段之一。     

超声在肝移植术后胆道并发症诊治中的应用

目的:探讨超声在肝移植术后胆道并发症诊治中的价值.材料和方法: 6例实施肝移植术后临床拟诊胆道并发症的患者,以二维超声检查移植肝及肝周情况,以彩色多普勒超声评估肝动脉、下腔静脉血流,并与其他影像学检查相对比.结果: 胆系梗阻3例(2例合并肝内多发胆汁肿)、胆管内胆泥形成1例、胆漏2例(在超声引导下置管引流).肝动脉血栓2例.肝流出道狭窄合并血栓1例.结论: 超声在肝移植术道并发症的诊治中有着重要的应用价值.     

CT及MRI诊断嗅神经母细胞瘤的价值

目的：探讨ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ在嗅神经母细胞瘤的诊断、分期及疗后随诊中的价值。材料和方法：回顾性复习１０例嗅神经母细胞瘤的ＣＴ扫描和１例ＭＲＩ的表现。男６例，女５例。年龄１３～６５岁，中位年龄３２岁。临床表现为鼻堵、鼻衄各６例，眼外突４例，偏头痛、视力下降、鼻翼肿物各２例。ＣＴ平扫５例，增强扫描６例；横断面８例，冠状面７例。ＭＲＩ为ＳＥ序列，Ｔ１和Ｔ２加权像，并用Ｇｄ－ＤＴＰＡ作增强扫描。６例有随诊ＣＴ，１例有随诊ＭＲＩ。结果：按Ｋａｄｉｓｈ分期标准：Ａ期１例，Ｂ期２例，Ｃ期８例。侵犯范围为鼻腔１１例，同侧筛窦、眼眶各６例，蝶窦、上颌窦、前颅凹内各４例，鼻翼软组织２例。ＣＴ增强扫描６例中５例为中度不均质强化，１例为高度强化。ＭＲＩＴ１加权像呈中、低信号，Ｔ２加权像呈中、高信号。结论：嗅神经母细胞瘤的影像学表现无特异性。影像学检查目的为界定肿瘤侵犯范围。冠状面扫描有助于显示颅内、眶内病变，必不可少。ＭＲＩ的Ｔ２加权像有助于鉴别肿瘤和鼻窦内积液，在界定肿瘤范围方面优于ＣＴ。疗后的基线所见和定期随诊影像学检查有助于检出复发，及时行补救治疗     

肝移植术后并发胆道狭窄的内镜下治疗

 目的:初步探讨内镜在肝移植术后胆道狭窄治疗中的临床应用价值.方法:通过十二指肠镜逆行胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiography,ERC)检查对肝移植术后胆道狭窄进行诊断,并根据检查结果做相应的内镜下介入治疗.结果:肝移植术后胆道狭窄38例,其中21例为吻合口狭窄(10例合并有胆瘘),17例为非吻合口胆道狭窄.针对不同情况进行鼻胆管引流术及塑料支架引流术等治疗,非吻合口胆道狭窄的患者内镜治疗较困难,需要多次进行内镜治疗.所有患者治疗后临床症状均明显改善,无严重并发症发生.结论:内镜对于肝移植术后胆道狭窄并发症的诊断与治疗安全而有效,胆道狭窄并发症的较快发现及时处理可使患者较快治愈.     

肝移植术后胆系造影的临床价值(附20例报告)

目的:探讨肝移植术后胆系造影的临床价值。方法:回顾性总结了20例肝移植患者的胆系造影表现及临床资料。并简要分析了异常影像与胆系合并症的关系。结果:5例肝内胆管系统呈痉挛、枯枝状,6例肝内胆管壁不规则,小斑片状,管腔粗细不均,2例胆管吻合口区域狭窄。1例胆管吻合口瘘。6例显示正常。结论:肝移植术后常规胆系造影检查十分重要,对了解胆道通畅情况及胆管系统合并症有很大临床应用价值。     

肝移植术后胆道狭窄经皮肝穿刺胆管造影的并发症及其预防

目的观察经皮肝穿刺胆道介入治疗原位肝移植术后胆道狭窄发生并发症的频次和类型。资料与方法对292例原位肝移植术后出现胆道狭窄的30例患者分别行胆道球囊扩张术、胆道引流术和胆道支架置入术,观察术中反应、术后临床经过、相关实验室检查、B超和复查胆道造影表现。结果 3例(10.0%)胆道狭窄合并胆瘘患者和3例(10.0%)单纯吻合口狭窄患者行气囊扩张术和胆道引流后痊愈。8例(26.7%)肝内外胆管多发狭窄患者气囊反复扩张胆道狭窄段后,7例狭窄纠正而获得痊愈。14例(46.7%)肝内外胆管多发狭窄合并胆泥患者中12例(40.0%)狭窄明显减轻,黄疸缓解;2例(6.7%)T形管引流口段狭窄行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术后,狭窄明显减轻,黄疸缓解。30例患者(100.0%)术中均感疼痛,其中12例(40.0%)疼痛剧烈。2例(6.7%)术中发生出血,其中1例再次行肝移植。27例(90.0%)术后胆管仍再狭窄,需反复多次成形。2例(6.7%)治疗后狭窄持续存在而再次行肝移植,其中1例曾置入胆道支架,另1例直接行二次肝移植。结论疼痛、再狭窄是经皮肝穿刺胆道介入治疗肝移植术后胆道狭窄的常见并发症,术中预防大出血是降低风险的关键。     

Bone marrow edema and associated pain in early stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head: prospective study with serial MR images

PURPOSE: To determine the accuracy of magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiography for demonstration of the biliary tract and detection of biliary complications in patients who have undergone orthotopic liver transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Breath-hold half-Fourier rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement MR cholangiography was performed in 25 patients who had undergone orthotopic liver transplantation. MR cholangiograms were prospectively and independently interpreted by two radiologists for depiction of the biliary tract and ductal anastomosis and for complications (eg, biliary dilatation, stricture, stones). MR cholangiographic findings were correlated with findings from direct cholangiography (n = 24) and surgery (n = 1). RESULTS: MR cholangiography completely demonstrated first-order intrahepatic bile ducts in 23 (92%) patients, the donor extrahepatic bile duct in 25 (100%), the recipient extrahepatic bile duct in 17 of 18 (94%), and the anastomosis in 24 (96%). The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of MR cholangiography for detection of biliary dilatation and stricture were each 100%. Complete interobserver agreement occurred in the detection of biliary dilatation and stricture. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of MR cholangiography for detection of stones were 100% for one radiologist and 86%, 100%, 96%, 100%, and 95%, respectively, for the other. Both radiologists agreed on the diagnosis of bile duct stones in six of seven cases (kappa = 0.90). CONCLUSION: MR cholangiography enables accurate depiction of the biliary tract and detection of biliary complications in patients with an orthotopic liver transplant.     

前列腺肉瘤的CT及MRI表现(附4例报告及文献复习)

目的探讨前列腺肉瘤的CT和MRI表现特点及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析4例经病理证实的前列腺肉瘤的CT、MRI表现,并作文献回顾。结果本组4例均行CT平扫,1例行CT增强扫描。平扫显示前列腺体积明显增大,平均前后径为60.5mm。其中3例肿瘤呈分叶状不均质性低密度,中心部呈更低密度,并与周围结构分界不清;1例呈类圆形较均质性稍低密度,与周围结构分界尚清楚。增强扫描,肿瘤边缘实质部分呈不均质明显强化,中心区未见明显强化。2例行MRI扫描,T1WI呈不均质性低信号,T2WI均呈中心高信号、外周稍高信号的混杂信号影。结论CT及MRI是诊断前列腺肉瘤较有效的检查方法。     

原位肝移植术后胆道狭窄的介入治疗

目的:探讨经T型管及其窦道和经皮肝穿刺胆道引流治疗原位肝移植术后胆道狭窄的可行性及其疗效.方法:对252例原位肝移植术后出现胆道狭窄的26例患者分别行胆道气囊扩张术、胆道引流术和胆道支架置入术.结果:3例胆道狭窄合并胆瘘患者和3例单纯吻合口狭窄患者,经气囊扩张术和胆道引流后痊愈.6例肝内外胆管多发狭窄患者,气囊反复扩张胆道狭窄段后,5例狭窄纠正而获得痊愈;1例气囊扩张治疗后出现肝内血肿,再次行肝移植.12例肝内外胆管多发狭窄合并胆泥的患者,经反复球囊导管扩张后,10例狭窄明显减轻,黄疸缓解;1例置入胆道支架,后因支架管阻塞而再次肝移植;1例治疗后狭窄仍存在,黄疸无缓解而再次肝移植.2例T型管引流口段狭窄行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术后,狭窄明显减轻,黄疸缓解.结论:经T型管及其窦道和经皮肝穿刺胆道引流是治疗原位肝移植术后胆道狭窄的良好方法.     

MSCT和MRI诊断肝移植术后并发症

目的：探讨肝移植术后并发症的CT和MRI表现及其诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析78例肝移植术后患者的病例资料,对其中经手术、肝脏活检及胆管造影证实出现并发症病例的CT、MRI影像资料进行分析。结果：CT及MRI显示门脉主干吻合口狭窄2例,肝动脉狭窄3例,下腔静脉吻合口狭窄2例,下腔静脉血栓形成1例。MRI显示胆管吻合口狭窄9例,CT显示胆管吻合口狭窄3例。术后并发症包括移植排异反应3例,肝移植术后肝内其它并发症4例,包括肝脓肿1例、肝胆管炎2例和肝局灶性坏死1例,其它系统并发症7例。结论：CT和MRI能发现大部分肝移植术后并发症,是诊断肝移植术后并发症的有效方法。     

颅内孤立性纤维瘤的CT和MRI表现

目的分析颅内孤立性纤维瘤的CT和MRI表现,提高对其认识。资料与方法回顾性分析5例经手术病理证实的颅内孤立性纤维瘤的CT和MRI表现。1例行CT增强扫描,3例行MRI平扫和增强扫描,1例同时行CT和MRI扫描。结果 5例颅内孤立性纤维瘤均为单发,肿块形态不规则,边界清楚,直径1.2～6.5 cm。发生于颞叶1例,鞍内1例,桥小脑角区1例,中后颅窝三叉神经走行区1例,顶叶1例。CT平扫病灶均为高密度,增强扫描均匀强化。MR T1WI上3例病灶为等信号;1例为多发分隔囊状低信号。T2WI上3例病灶表现为等、低混杂信号,病灶内见少量斑片状高信号;1例为多发分隔囊状高信号。MRI增强所有病灶实质部分显著强化,T2WI低信号区明显强化,坏死囊变区未见强化。结论颅内孤立性纤维瘤MRI表现有一定的特点,MR T2WI上低信号、增强扫描呈显著强化较具特征。     

侵及颈静脉孔区的原发性中耳癌的CT、MRI诊断

目的 探讨侵及颈静脉孔区的原发性中耳癌的CT、MRI特点.方法 回顾性分析7例经手术病理证实的侵及颈静脉孔区原发性中耳癌患者的CT、MRI资料,其中6例行高分辨率CT(HRCT)扫描,1例行常规CT增强扫描,7例均行MR平扫+增强.结果 HRCT显示鼓室、鼓窦、外耳道深部及颈静脉孔区软组织病灶伴不规则虫蚀样骨质破坏,涉及颈静脉孔(7例)、咽鼓管骨性段(7例)、面神经管(4例)、颈动脉管(4例)、外耳道前后壁(3例)、听小骨(2例)及前庭窗、水平半规管(1例)等结构的破坏.4例病变密度较均匀,CT值约30～55 HU,2例肿块内见少许小片状高密度影.1例CT增强显示中度较均匀强化.MR平扫示边界不清软组织肿块,与脑灰质相比,T1WI呈等、略低信号,T2WI呈等、略高信号,其中5例信号较均匀,2例肿块内见少许小片状T1WI、T2WI低信号灶,增强扫描5例呈中度较均匀强化,2例不均匀强化,内见小片状无强化区.MRI显示4例侵及颈内动脉,1例侵及乙状窦.结论 原发性中耳癌可广泛侵及颈静脉孔区,易造成误诊.HRCT可准确显示中耳癌骨质破坏特点及范围,咽鼓管骨性段破坏可帮助减少误诊;MRI能更清楚显示病变范围,肿瘤信号及强化方式有一定特点.     

肝转移瘤高场MRI诊断

目的:探讨高场MRI在肝转移瘤(HMs)中的检出、诊断与鉴别诊断价值。方法:收集经临床、影像证实的HMs 43例,所有病例均进行高场MRI平扫和动脉期、门脉期、延迟期扫描,其中23例尚做螺旋CT平扫、动脉期、门脉期扫描,分析记录HMs螺旋CT、高场MRI平扫及多期增强扫描特征。结果:共计174枚瘤灶在MRI平扫上呈长T2长T1信号,动脉期122枚瘤灶不强化,门脉期174枚瘤灶均呈环状强化,延迟期108枚瘤灶呈向心性充填;23例79枚瘤灶螺旋CT平扫均呈低密度,动脉期49枚瘤灶不强化,30枚呈环状强化,门脉期73枚呈环状强化,4枚呈向心性充填;43例HMs高场MRI均准确诊断,螺旋CT漏检2例,误诊7例。结论:高场MRI对HMs的检出、诊断与鉴别诊断具重要价值,可作为HMs的首选检查方法。     

Diagnosing biliary complications of orthotopic liver transplantation with mangafodipir trisodium-enhanced MR cholangiography: comparison with conventional MR cholangiography

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to determine whether the addition of mangafodipir trisodium-enhanced MRI could improve the image quality, visualization of ductal structures, and diagnostic confidence provided by conventional T2-based MR cholangiography (MRC) in patients with suspected biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Our study group consisted of 25 consecutive patients who were referred for MR evaluation of clinically suspected biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Conventional MRC in the axial and coronal planes was performed in each patient, followed by fat-suppressed volumetric gradient-echo imaging in the same planes both before and after the IV administration of mangafodipir trisodium. Imaging was performed in all patients until the contrast agent was seen in the bowel. Images were then graded for quality, visualization of bile ducts and anastomoses, presence of significant stricture or leak, and level of diagnostic confidence. RESULTS: Mangafodipir trisodium-enhanced MRC tended to outperform conventional MRC in overall image quality and extrahepatic duct visualization; it was also more effective in delineating biliary anastomoses, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). All 25 enhanced examinations were considered diagnostic. Diagnostic confidence was scored as poor or lacking in 14 of the conventional MRC examinations for biliary stenosis and in 12 examinations for biliary leak. CONCLUSION: Enhancement with mangafodipir trisodium improves the performance of MRC for the detection and exclusion of biliary abnormalities after orthotopic liver transplantation. Future investigations should compare the performance of mangafodipir trisodium-enhanced MRC with the performance of more invasive techniques.     

周围型胆管细胞癌的MSCT和MRI诊断

目的:探讨肝内周围型胆管细胞癌(IHPCC)的CT及MRI诊断。方法:回顾性分析经手术或活检病理证实的IHPCC 24例,20例行CT平扫和三期增强扫描,5例行MR扫描。结果:CT三期增强扫描强化曲线19例表现为"慢进慢退",1例表现为"快进慢退";MRI T2WI及T1WI上无特异性,3例双回波T1WI同反相位信号未见衰减,DWI上为高信号。结论:IHPCC的CT、MRI有其特征性表现,特别三期增强扫描强化曲线"慢进慢退"表现对于IHPCC诊断尤为重要。MRI同反相位扫描对于IHPCC与含脂质肝脏肿瘤相鉴别可能有帮助。     

双引流管技术在四例肝移植术后胆道狭窄中的应用

目的 探讨双引流管技术在治疗肝移植术后胆道狭窄中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析采用双引流管技术治疗4例肝移植术后胆道狭窄病例的资料.采用经皮经肝穿刺胆道引流介入技术,建立1～2条引流道置入双引流管.结果 4例胆道并发症均患者表现为肝内胆管和胆总管多发狭窄合并胆泥形成.患者平均年龄55岁,供肝冷缺血时间11.4 h、热缺...