A framework for the IPv6 based implementation of a reactive routing protocol in ns-3: Case study using LOADng

The lightweight on-demand ad hoc distance-vector - next generation (LOADng) is a reactive routing protocol proposed for low-power and lossy networks (LLNs). ITU-T G.9903 standard for power line communication specifies LOADng as its default routing protocol. LOADng establishes bidirectional routes and has routing mechanisms for unicast, multicast and broadcast packets. This paper discusses a general framework for the IPv6 based implementation of a reactive routing protocol in ns-3. The framework is then used to implement LOADng routing protocol in ns-3 as per the latest Internet-draft recommendation. Our implementation of LOADng module in ns-3 is useful to study the potentials and pitfalls of the protocol, to investigate the impact of the various protocol parameters, to derive some non-trivial insights into the protocol behavior, and to compare its performance with other routing protocols proposed for LLNs. Our implementation is flexible enough to be modified and augmented with new features. To reduce the control overhead, the Smart-RREQ concept is incorporated as an extension to the basic framework. Another important feature added to this basic module is the multipath capability. Performance improvements with these new features are verified. The module is also tested for its performance with different route metrics. The framework is useful for implementation of other reactive routing protocols in ns-3.     

ns-2中交换结构的仿真设计和实现

交换结构是高速路由器不可缺少的重要组件,在ns-2中仿真实现交换结构,目标是提供一个具有通用结构和基本功能的交换结构模型.通过队列父类的派生,修改原有的数据结构和分组处理流程,作为标准构件添加到ns-2的构件库中,用户只需在相应的功能函数中添加源代码,就可以开展与交换结构相关的研究工作.仿真结果与理论分析一致,动态跟踪表明开发的交换结构在网络环境中能够准确地转发分组,扩展了ns-2功能进行交换结构网络性能分析.     

SR-MAC: A Low Latency MAC Protocol for Multi-Packet Transmissions in Wireless Sensor Networks

Event detection is one of the major applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Most of existing medium access control (MAC) protocols are mainly optimized for the situation under which an event only generates one packet on a single sensor node. When an event generates multiple packets on a single node, the performance of these MAC protocols degrades rapidly. In this paper, we present a new synchronous duty-cycle MAC protocol called SR-MAC for the event detection applications in which multiple packets are generated on a single node. SR-MAC introduces a new scheduling mechanism that reserves few time slots during the SLEEP period for the nodes to transmit multiple packets. By this approach, SR-MAC can schedule multiple packets generated by an event on a single node to be forwarded over multiple hops in one operational cycle without collision. We use event delivery latency (EDL) and event delivery ratio (EDR) to measure the event detection capability of the SR-MAC protocol. Through detailed ns-2 simulation, the results show that SR-MAC can achieve lower EDL, higher EDR and higher network throughput with guaranteed energy efficiency compared with R-MAC, DW-MAC and PR-MAC.     

Implementation and performance evaluation of a mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) simulation model for ns-3

Mobile internet protocol version 6 (MIPv6) is the base standard from the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for Internet Protocol (IP) based mobility management in wireless networks. The next generation mobility management schemes are mainly following the protocol stack of MIPv6. However, till date the widely-used network simulator version 3 (ns-3) – which aims to replace the aging ns-2 and its associated old-featured simulators – does not have even in its latest version an MIPv6 module that is fully compliant to the IETF specification. To fill this gap, we present in this work a novel MIPv6 simulation model which can be integrated into ns-3. We explain the complete design logic of the module, and also perform evaluation of the same in ns-3. To validate our proposition, we compare its handoff performance results with both numerical results, obtained analytically, and published results, based on Linux test bed, CNI-MIPv6 test bed and Objective modular network testbed (OMNET++) simulation. To show the usefulness of our contribution, we have exemplified how hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6) can be implemented by extending the basic MIPv6 module proposed by us.     

NS-3 802.11物理层源代码实现原理分析

NS-3是国外近几年发展起来的重要网络仿真软件,它提供了比NS-2更低层次的无线功能抽象,更贴近真实的无线物理层的工作原理。分析了802.11无线物理层的源代码,对其主要实现机制进行了详细剖析,包括节点状态与接收分组的条件、信道繁忙起止时间的计算、信道支持多个路径损耗衰落模型、误码率与分组接收成功率的计算、多个干扰分组的跟踪管理和以分块为单位的累积干扰计算;并对协议修改给出了建议。该工作为理解NS-3无线仿真原理做出了有益贡献。     

一种基于多播分发树的无线传感器网络代码分发协议

代码分发协议是无线传感器网络（WSNs）在实地部署之后进行软件更新的关键技术。针对现有代码分发协议对特定目标节点分发时需要传输冗余代码镜像的问题,提出了一种基于多播分发树的代码分发（MTCD）协议。MTCD协议通过建立基站节点到目标节点的分发树路径来降低网络中参与代码分发节点的个数,从而降低数据冗余传输和网络能量消耗。TOSSIM仿真结果表明：与TinyOS的标准代码分发协议Deluge相比,MTCD协议在分发时间和数据包传输方面都有更优的性能。     

A Service-Centric Multicast Architecture and Routing Protocol

In this paper, we present a new multicast architecture and the corresponding multicast routing protocol for providing efficient and flexible multicast services over the Internet. Traditional multicast protocols construct and update the multicast tree in a distributed manner, which may cause two problems: first, since each node has only local or partial information on the network topology and group membership, it is difficult to build an efficient multicast tree and, second, due to the lack of complete information, broadcast is often used for sending control packets and data packets, which consumes a great deal of network bandwidth. In the newly proposed multicast architecture, a few powerful routers, called m-routers, collect multicast-related information and process multicast requests based on the information collected. The m-routers handle most of the multicast-related tasks, whereas other routers in the network only need to perform minimum functions for routing. The m-routers are designed to be able to handle simultaneous many-to-many communications efficiently. The new multicast routing protocol, called the Service-Centric Multicast Protocol (SCMP), builds a shared multicast tree rooted at the m-router for each group. The multicast tree is computed in the m-router by employing the Delay-Constrained Dynamic Multicast (DCDM) algorithm, which dynamically builds a delay-constrained multicast tree and minimizes the tree cost as well. The physical construction of the multicast tree over the Internet is performed by a special type of self-routing packets in order to minimize the protocol overhead. Our simulation results on ns-2 demonstrate that the new SCMP protocol outperforms other existing protocols and is a promising alternative for providing efficient and flexible multicast services over the Internet.     

Markov Chain-based performance analysis of multihop IEEE 802.15.4 wireless networks

In this paper, we propose a Markov chain-based analytical framework for modeling the behavior of the medium access control (MAC) protocol in IEEE 802.15.4 wireless networks. Two scenarios are of interest. First, we consider networks where the (sensor) nodes communicate directly to the network coordinator (the final sink). Then, we consider cluster-tree (CT) scenarios where the sources communicate to the coordinator through a series of intermediate relay, which forward the received packets and do not generate traffic on their own. In both scenarios, no acknowledgment messages are used to confirm successful data packet deliveries and communications are beaconed (i.e., they rely on synchronization packets denoted as “beacons”). In all cases, our focus is on networks where the sources and the relays have finite queues (denoted as buffers) to store data packets. The network performance is evaluated in terms of aggregate network throughput and packet delivery delay. The performance predicted by the proposed analytical framework is in very good agreement with realistic ns-2 simulation results.     

具有范围选择的传感网络再编程协议算法研究

已有的传感网络再编程协议大多假定网络中所有节点是同类的,运行同一版本的应用程序,而实际网络节点是异类的。提出了一种新的具有范围选择的再编程协议,该协议变传统的ADV-REQ-DATA三次握手该协议为路由形成、代码传送、请求丢失包三个阶段协议,有效地降低了参与代码转发的中间节点数;中间转发节点通过获取一跳范围内希望接收更新代码数据的节点序列,采取单播或组播方式有针对性传送更新代码,而不是泛洪式的广播,减少了REQ确认信息包,并能统计出参与代码更新的同类节点数和参与代码转发的异类中间节点数。性能分析与模拟实验表明:该协议在平均延时、能量消耗等方面优于传统的Aqueduct。     

Development and Verification of Simulation Model Based on Real MANET Experiments for Transport Layer Protocols （UDP and TCP）

There is a lack of appropriate guidelines for realistic user traces, mobility models, routing protocols, considerations of real-life challenges, etc. for general-purpose mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). In this paper, four laptops are used in an open field environment in four scenarios to evaluate the performances of Internet control message protocol (ICMP) based ping and transmission control protocol (TCP) based streaming video applications using optimised link state routing (OLSR) implementation in an IEEE 802.11g wireless network. Corresponding simulations are developed in Network Simulator ns-2 by setting simulation parameters according to the real experiments. Difficulties faced to regenerate real-life scenarios have been discussed and the gaps between reality and simulation are identified. A setup guideline to produce realistic simulation results has been established.     

针对异构协议的动态解析器模型

介绍了异构协议报文格式和特点,通过使用XML语言描述可扩展协议报文的方法,以简单协议解析为基础,将解析器功能模块化,从而设计此异构协议动态解析器模型.应用此模型实现不必重新编译,只需进行少量代码修改,即可完成异构协议报文自动模型匹配,进而完成报文数据解析.针对两种简单协议进行模型应用,结果表明使用XML语言描述协议报文的方法及可重构的解析器能够有效地描述和解析异构协议报文,获得可靠的解析结果.     

一种基于缓冲的分层次移动IP模型——BHMIP

现有的移动IP方案在网络切换时存在着切换时延过大和丢包率过大两个问题,已提出的快速切换方案(fast handover)和分层次的IP方案(HMIP)针对切换时延和注册信令开销过大进行了一定的改进.BHMIP方案在HMIP和快速切换的基础上结合缓冲机制对切换过程中丢包率过大的问题进行了改进,并通过模拟仿真进行了验证.最后指出了进一步的研究方向.     

一种基于移动自组网的联合检测MAC协议性能分析

在ad hoc移动自组网中,隐藏终端和暴露终端问题严重影响着MAC层的网络吞吐量性能。为了更好的解决隐藏／暴露终端问题,文献[3,4]提出了一种信道接入方法,即联合检测法。论文对此算法进行了改进,对RTS／CTS控制分组采用了载波侦听／冲突检测（CSMA／CD）策略,而对数据分组采用了基于发射端的码分配法。通过理论分析和仿真,表明提出的信道接入策略可获得较大吞吐量增益。     

一种开放源代码的网络仿真器的原理与实现

随着互联网的飞速发展,网络拥塞已经成为一个十分重要的问题,网络仿真是一种检测拥塞控制算法有效性的常用方法。该文给出了一种开放源代码的网络仿真器NS2(NetworkSimulatorV2)的原理与实现。首先比较了四种不同仿真器的优缺点,然后详细描述了NS2的模块组成、工作环境、主代码结构以及扩展方法等,最后用RED(RandomEarlyDetection)队列调度和移动IP数据传输两个典型实例说明了NS2的应用价值。     

基于LT喷泉码的WSNs抗WLAN干扰的实验研究

针对无线传感器网络(WSNs)通信能力有限,易受到与其共享信道的无线局域网(WiFi)干扰的问题,提出一种采用纠删码——LT喷泉码编码来保证可靠传输的方法。该方法可以充分利用喷泉码的无码率特性,即发送端源源不断地发送经过LT码编码的编码包,接收端只要接收到足够数量的编码包,就能够成功恢复原始数据包。在CC2430为核心的平台上设计并实现了基于LT喷泉码的可靠传输协议,并在WLAN干扰情况下对其进行了性能测试。实验结果表明:基于LT喷泉码的可靠传输协议对WLAN的抗干扰效果显著。     

第三代短波链路协议的Winsock与多线程仿真

随着短波网络的增长,要求短波协议能够支持大规模的数据传输和Internet应用,第三代短波自动链路建立协议应运而生。它基于OSI七层结构参考模型,提供了快速的链路建立机制,并保证在不同数据长度下都能提供较高的吞吐量。该文给出了一种基于计算机网络的协议仿真方法,并详细介绍了基于windows socket和多线程编程技术的第三代短波链路协议系统仿真方案和实现方法,旨在解决具体应用前对协议性能的测试及改进问题,使实际的通信系统性能更为可靠。该仿真系统实现了同步自适应的链路建立和数据传输,并在计算机网络上运作艮好。     

安全主动网络中的证书研究

传统的证书系统在主动网络的安全应用中存在较大的效率损失，本文提出的代码证书机制改变了传统证书结构的认证主体，使认证主体从发布者变成代码本身，这样可以使得对不同主动协议赋予更加细致的权限，同时，由于证书主体的改变，在证书中增加了具体描述主动协议能力和资源的情况，从而在一定条件下简化授权的工作，使得代码在效率上较传统的ACL方式有很大的提高，本文给出了代码证收的设计和实现，并在网络仿真环境下进行了测试，测试结果表明，对于包含敏感操作的信包，代码证书比传统证书高出的约25%的吞吐率。     

基于GPP-SDR的TD-HSDPA物理信道软件设计及优化

为了改善传统软件无线电开发方式的灵活性,降低开发成本,采用基于通用处理器的软件无线电(GPP-SDR)平台,研究了TD-HSDPA高速物理信道的实现及优化,包括HARQ功能模块的设计.通过优化接收机代码,极大提高了软件运行效率,对处理时延的测试结果表明,软件设计能够实现TD-HSDPA实时传输,并支持其高速物理信道协议栈在GPP- SDR平台上的高效运行.给出的HARQ仿真结果验证了系统的吞吐率性能.     

TCP有限状态机和协议解析在伪警报去除中的应用

面对入侵检测系统(IDS)产生的海量警报,提出了一种基于协议解析和传输控制协议(TCP)有限状态机的伪警报去除方法。对于无连接的请求/应答协议,同时分析请求数据包的攻击特征和应答数据包的返回状态码来去除伪警报;对于TCP,在协议分析的基础上建立TCP数据包的有限状态机的模型,通过判断系列数据包是否为同一TCP连接、是否包含攻击序列来去除伪警报。在DARPA2000的数据集上的实验结果表明,此方法的误警率平均降低了59.47%,对TCP和请求/应答协议的警报的识别率达到76.67%。该方法简单又有效,依赖IDS的攻击特征库,可以插件的形式在线实现。