逍遥丸质量控制的研究

目的：建立逍遥丸（浓缩丸）的质量标准。方法：采用薄层色谱法（TLC）对制剂中的甘草进行定性鉴别；高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定芍药苷的含量。结果：TLC色谱中能明显地检出甘草；芍药苷进样量在0．25056～1．2528μg范围内线性关系良好，回归方程：Y=21．1215X＋0．0996，r=0．9998，平均回收率为100．11％（n=5），RSD为1．04％。结论：本方法简便，准确，重现性好。     

复方乌龙胶囊的质量控制方法研究

目的：建立复方乌龙胶囊的质量控制方法。方法：采用薄层色谱法对制剂中的3种主要成分青黛、防风和白芷进行定性鉴别；用高效液相色谱法测定制剂中靛蓝含量。结果：薄层色谱法能准确鉴定出制剂中的青黛、防风和白芷；靛蓝在0．016-0．16μg范围内，线性关系良好(r=0．9995)。平均回收率为98．4％，RSD=1．9％(n=5)。结论：本方法专属性强、重现性好，可作为复方乌龙胶囊的质量控制标准。     

七昧散质量标准的研究

目的：建立七味散的质量标准。方法：采用TLC对方中佛手、肉桂、木香、筚茇进行鉴别；采用RP—HPLC对制剂中胡椒碱的含量进行测定。结果：TLC法能捡出佛手、肉桂、木香和筚茇；平均回收率为97．0％，RSD=1．8％（n=6）。结论：方法快速、简便，适合该制剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定通络胶囊中姜黄素、脱甲氧基姜黄素、双脱甲氧基姜黄素的含量

目的 建立通络胶囊中多种有效成分的含量测定方法。方法 采用HPLC法测定制剂中姜黄素、脱甲氧基姜黄索、双脱甲氧基姜黄素等有效成分的含量。结果 姜黄素在0．02048-0．2048μg范围内线性良好，加样回收率为98．89％，RSD为1．04％；脱甲氧基姜黄素在0．00968-0．0968μg范围内线性良好，加样回收率为97．86％，RSD为0．51％；双脱甲氧基姜黄素在0．00992-0．0992μg范围内线性良好，加样回收率为98．66％，RSD为1．82％。结论 本测定方法简便可行、重复性好，可用于本制剂的质量控制。     

化痔栓中苦参碱的薄层鉴别和龙脑的含量测定

目的提高化痔栓的质量标准方法采用薄层色谱法鉴别化痔栓中的苦参；用气相色谱法测定制剂中的龙脑含量，结果薄层色谱鉴别苦参碱的斑点清晰无干扰；气相色谱含量测定中龙脑在0．04994～1．2485μg范围内线性关系良好，平均回收率102．27％，RSD=0．4％，结论本法操作简便，结果准确，重复性好，可有效控制化痔栓的质量     

丹栀逍遥丸质量标准的研究

目的 建立丹栀逍遥丸的质量控制标准。方法 采用显微鉴别法对制剂中的茯苓、柴胡、牡丹皮、白术进行定性鉴别．用薄层色谱法对制剂中的当归、甘草进行定性鉴别，并采用高效液相色谱法对制剂中的栀子苷进行含量测定。结果 显微检出茯苓、柴胡、牡丹皮、白术、TLC法检出当归、甘草、栀子苷含量测定的平均回收率为99.5％，RSD为1．57％(n=9)。结论 该方法专属性强、简便快速、重现性好，可作为该制荆的质量控制标准。     

感冒灵流浸膏的质量标准研究

采用TLC对感冒灵流浸膏中的三叉苦、岗梅进行定性鉴别；用HPLC测定绿原酸的含量，制定了感冒灵流浸膏的质量标准。在TLC图谱中可检出三叉苦、岗梅的特征斑点；绿原酸在0．2～2．0μg范围内呈良好线性关系，r=0．9999，平均回收率为98．0％，(RSD=0．93％，n=5)。结果显示所建立的方法可行、重复性好，能有效地控制该制剂的质量。     

降糖康胶囊质量标准研究

目的 建立降糖康胶囊的质量标准。方法 用薄层色谱法（TLC法）对处方中的麦冬、葛根进行定性鉴别，用高效液相色谱法（TPLC法）测定黄芩苷的含量。结果 用TLC法能检出麦冬、葛根；黄芩苷进样量在0．936，18．720μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好，r=0．9999，平均回收率为98．29％，尼妨为0．97％（n=5）。结论 方法简便，准确，重现性好，能有效控制降糖康胶囊的质量。     

痛经丸的质量标准

目的：建立痛经丸的质量标准。方法：采用薄层色谱法对方中的当归、吴茱萸进行鉴别，采用高效液相色谱法测定淫羊藿苷的含量。结果：在薄层色谱中斑点清晰；淫羊藿苷在0．19-0．98μg间有良好的线性关系（r=0.9997）；平均回收率为99．9％，RSD为0．9％（n=6）。结论：方法简便、结果准确、重复性好，可作为该制剂的质量控制标准。     

止汗外用凝胶中姜黄素的定性与定量研究

目的建立止汗外用凝胶中指标性成分姜黄素的定性鉴别与含量测定方法。方法采用TLC法定性鉴别止汗外用凝胶中的姜黄素。采用HPLC法测定制剂中指标性成分姜黄素的含量,色谱柱:Ecosil ODS C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-水-冰醋酸(45∶55∶6);检测波长:254 nm。结果制剂薄层色谱与化学对照品(姜黄素)及阳性对照药材(郁金)薄层色谱在相应位置上显相同斑点。姜黄素的线性范围为0.1⁰.8mg/mL,r=0.999 4,平均回收率为100.12%,精密度、重现性、稳定性均符合测定要求。制剂样品中姜黄素的平均含量为0.201 6%。结论 TLC法定性鉴别和HPLC法定量测定止汗外用凝胶中姜黄素,方法可行,重现性好,为止汗外用凝胶的质量控制提供了可靠依据。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.