基于仿生学的未来食品工业展望

动脉粥样硬化是由内皮细胞的损伤、脂质沉积等引起的慢性炎症反应性病理过程。Omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFA)具有重要的动脉粥样硬化保护作用,但其机制仍不明确。多不饱和脂肪酸在环氧化酶、脂氧合酶和细胞色素P450氧化酶的作用下产生具有不同生物活性的类二十烷酸代谢产物。Omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸在自身被代谢为类二十烷酸的同时,也可与花生四烯酸竞争共同的代谢酶,从而也对花生四烯酸来源的类二十烷酸代谢产物水平起调控作用。文章基于代谢的观点,系统地讨论了Omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸通过影响类二十烷酸代谢谱而发挥动脉粥样硬化拮抗作用的机制。     

迷迭香对仓鼠肝脏胆固醇代谢调控基因表达的影响

目的:以高脂高胆固醇膳食喂饲仓鼠为动物模型,研究迷迭香提取物对机体血脂调控相关机制的影响。方法:实验动物随机被分为4组,分别为高脂高胆固醇膳食组(HF-HC),0.1%,0.3%,0.9%迷迭香提取物试验干预组。试验6周后,测定血脂水平及肝脏中胆固醇含量,用荧光定量PCR(Real Time-PCR)检测肝脏中调控胆固醇代谢基因表达水平。结果:血脂测定结果显示,0.3%,0.9%迷迭香提取物组仓鼠TG含量降低(P0.05),HDL-C水平升高(P0.01);肝脏中胆固醇含量随迷迭香提取物添加量的增加而降低,具有统计学差异性(P0.01);荧光定量PCR分析显示,与对照组相比,迷迭香提取物能极显著降低试验组肝脏中胆固醇合成限速酶3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶(HMG-Co A-R)m RNA的表达水平(P0.01),提高胆汁酸合成限速酶7α羟化酶(CYP7A1)m RNA表达水平(P0.01),然而迷迭香提取物对肝脏中低密度脂蛋白受体(LDLR)、肝X受体(LXRα)、胆固醇蛋白调节元件结合蛋白2(SREBP-2)基因表达水平无显著影响(P0.05)。结论 :迷迭香提取物降血脂的作用机制很可能是通过抑制肝脏中胆固醇的内源合成,增强胆固醇向胆汁酸转化,进而增加胆固醇排泄来实现。     

五味子、黄芪混合多糖对大鼠高脂血症的降脂作用

为了观察五味子、黄芪混合多糖(Polysaccharide from mixed Schisandra chinensis and Astragalus membranaceus,SAP)对脂代谢紊乱的调节作用及其作用机制,采用高脂饮食喂养建立大鼠(Wistar)高脂血症模型,记录SAP干预期间大鼠每周体重变化。8周后检测其血清中甘油三酯(Triglyceride,TG)、总胆固醇(Total cholesterol,TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(High-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)水平,肝组织中TG、TC水平,苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察大鼠肝脏病理学变化,Western blot法检测肝脏中胆固醇代谢相关蛋白ATP结合盒转运蛋白A1(ATP-binding cassette transporter A1,ABCA1)、肝X受体α(Liver X receptors α,LXRα)和三磷酸结合盒转运体G1(ATP-binding cassette G1,ABCG1)的表达情况。结果表明,SAP(100 mg/kg)灌胃给药可显著降低高脂血症大鼠的体重、血清中TC、TG、LDL-C水平以及肝组织中TC、TG水平(P<0.05),显著增加血清中HDL-C水平(P<0.05),减轻肝脏组织中的脂质沉积,改善大鼠高脂血症。同时SAP显著提高了高脂血症大鼠肝脏中LXRα、ABCA1和ABCG1蛋白的表达(P<0.05)。综上所述,SAP对高脂血症大鼠有明显的调节血脂作用,且其作用机制可能与促进肝脏胆固醇代谢有关。     

马齿苋多不饱和脂肪酸对高脂血症大鼠的降脂作用

研究马齿苋多不饱和脂肪酸对高脂血症大鼠脂质代谢的影响。从60只大鼠中随机取10只以普通饲料喂养作空白组(NG),其余50只喂食高脂饲料构建高脂血症模型,并将其分为高脂模型组(HLP)、非诺贝特阳性对照组(FB, 0.033 3 g/(kg·d))、马齿苋多不饱和脂肪酸高[PUFAs-H, 0.666g/(kg·d)]、中[PUFAs-M, 0.333 g/(kg·d)]、低剂量组[PUFAs-L, 0.167 g/(kg·d)]。灌胃给药28 d后,测定大鼠体质量、血清中血脂水平及抗氧化指标,同时测定大鼠肝脏中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)含量,并通过HE染色、油红O染色观察其肝脏状态。与HLP组相比,PUFAs-L、PUFAs-M、PUFAs-H组均可降低大鼠体质量、血清中TC、TG、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、丙二醛(MDA)及肝脏中TC、TG含量(P<0.05),升高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量(P<0.05);HE染色与油红O染色结果一致,与HLP组相比,各实验组能明显改善肝脏组织状态。马齿苋PUFAs能够调节高脂血症大鼠...     

重组油酸对高脂小鼠血脂代谢的影响

研究重组油酸对高脂血症小鼠血脂代谢的影响。选购25只雄性昆明(SPF级)小鼠,创建高脂血症模型,然后分5组(空白对照组、高脂模型组、油酸低、中、高剂量组),对重组菌CYJ1进行摇瓶培养后,添加诱导剂诱导去饱和酶表达,从而提取重组菌产生的油酸,以此来灌胃小鼠进行饮食干预,35 d后称取小鼠体重,分别采集小鼠的血清、肝脏,测定胆固醇和甘油三酯、血糖值、肝脏体积比等指标。结果表明,与高脂模型组相比,油酸组小鼠总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)含量均显著降低,高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)含量明显增加;血糖和肝脏体积比也明显降低。重组菌提取的油酸能够有效降低小鼠血脂水平,对高脂血症和动脉硬化具有较好的预防作用。     

岩藻黄素微囊粉对C57BL/6J小鼠胆固醇代谢的影响

本实验以C57BL/6J小鼠为实验对象,通过建立高血脂模型,喂食不同剂量的岩藻黄素微囊粉,测定了小鼠血清和肝脏中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的含量,并利用RT-PCR法探讨了岩藻黄素微囊粉对小鼠体内胆固醇代谢的调控作用机制。结果表明岩藻黄素微囊粉能有效降低肝脏中的TC、TG和LDL-C的含量,增加HDL-C的含量;降低血清中TG的含量,增加清血清中HDL-C的含量,同时增加了小鼠粪便中粗脂肪和胆固醇的含量,但在代谢过程中却并没有降低血清中的TC含量。RT-PCR结果显示岩藻黄素微囊粉调节胆固醇代谢的作用机制可能与其能够抑制HMG-COA-R、CYP7A1、LXRα、ABCA1和ACAT2等基因的表达,促进SREBP2、LCAT以及LDLR等基因的表达有关。     

香椿叶提取物对高血脂症小鼠脂质代谢的调节作用及抗氧化功能的影响

为探讨香椿叶提取物(TLE)对高脂血症小鼠脂质代谢的调节作用及抗氧化功能,以高脂饲料喂养雄性Wistar小鼠,建立高脂血症模型,观察TLE对小鼠血脂和肝脂质水平、血清和肝脏抗氧化功能的影响及肝指数的变化情况.结果表明TLE能显著降低高脂血症小鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平,升高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)的浓度,同时LDL/HDL水平亦显著下降;TLE能降低小鼠肝指数和肝脏TC及TG含量,提高血清总抗氧化力(FARP)水平,改善血清和肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性,并能降低血清和肝脏MDA含量.因此TLE具有调节脂质代谢和增强抗氧化功能的作用,可减少高脂膳食导致的氧化损伤.     

黄粉虫油对高脂血症小鼠血脂水平及抗氧化能力的影响

目的：探讨黄粉虫油对高脂血症小鼠血脂水平及抗氧化能力的影响。方法：以高脂饲料喂养雄性ICR小鼠,建立高脂血症模型,以不同剂量(5、10、20mL/(kg·d))的黄粉虫油对小鼠进行灌胃,观察各实验组小鼠血脂水平和肝脏抗氧化能力的变化情况。结果：黄粉虫油能显著降低高脂血症小鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)浓度,升高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)的浓度,同时动脉粥样硬化指数(AI) 亦显著降低;黄粉虫油能降低小鼠肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量,增加肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性,提高肝脏总抗氧化(T-AOC)能力。结论：黄粉虫油具有调节血脂和增强抗氧化功能的作用。     

多不饱和脂肪酸降脂作用机制的研究进展

近年来,高脂血症患病率在全球范围内增长,多不饱和脂肪酸降脂作用的研究引起国内外学者高度关注并取得重要进展。为对深入研究多不饱和脂肪酸对血脂调节的相关机制及进一步开发多不饱和脂肪酸来源的药物或功能性食品提供参考,综述了近年来国内外对多不饱和脂肪酸降脂作用机制的研究进展,主要集中于激活脂质代谢相关转录因子及信号通路、调节炎症因子、改善氧化应激反应、提高脂联素水平、减少瘦素含量及表观遗传修饰等方面,并指出近年来多不饱和脂肪酸降脂研究中存在的共性问题。多不饱和脂肪酸作为一种独特的生物活性物质,已在降血脂、抗氧化、抗炎、免疫调节等多种方面展示出显著的药理活性,具有很大的发展潜力。     

芹菜提取物的降血脂与抗氧化作用的研究

为了解芹菜提取物的抗氧化与降血脂作用,以成年雄性SD大鼠为研究对象,用高脂饲料诱导高脂血症模型,同时在饮水中加入不同浓度的芹菜提取物,观察不同实验组大鼠的血脂水平及血清和肝脏脂质代谢产物丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性。结果表明:芹菜提取物能显著降低高脂血症大鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-C)和载脂蛋白B(ApoB)浓度;显著升高高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-C)和载脂蛋白A(ApoA)浓度;显著降低血清和肝脏中MDA含量,增强血清和肝脏中SOD和GSH-Px活性。芹菜提取物还能显著降低动脉粥样硬化指数(AI1、AI2)。因此得出结论:芹菜提取物具有降血脂和抗氧化作用。     

棕榈油酸功能的研究进展

omega-7脂肪酸是一组单不饱和脂肪酸,常见于深海鱼类(如凤尾鱼)和某些植物类食品(澳洲坚果油、沙棘果油、海藻等)中。近年来,omega-3、omega-6和omega-9脂肪酸的作用都为人所熟识,但omega-7脂肪酸的众多功效却少有人知道。omega-7脂肪酸不仅可以控制体重,改善皮肤状况,提高人体对胰岛素的敏感性,降低肝脂肪的蓄积和减少炎症,并且可以降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,增加高密度脂蛋白胆固醇,改善冠状动脉心脏疾病和高血压等。我国人口快速老龄化,患糖尿病、高脂血症等代谢综合征数量急剧增加,对以棕榈油酸为主的omega-7脂肪酸保健产品以及医药制剂有更大的需求。对棕榈油酸在控制体重、改善皮肤状况、预防动脉粥样硬化、改善代谢综合征与炎症、防止骨碎、改善干眼症等方面的功能研究现状及可能存在的消极作用进行综述,旨在为omega-7脂肪酸功能性产品开发提供参考。     

膳食多酚通过法呢醇X受体调节脂质代谢作用研究进展

高脂血症是许多慢性疾病的基础病因,由高脂血症引发的心脑血管病等慢性疾病已成为世界性的公共健康问题。法呢醇X受体(farnesoid X receptor,FXR)在胆固醇、甘油三酯等代谢上发挥的重要作用使其有望作为治疗高脂血症及相关疾病的药物靶点。膳食多酚具有良好的生物活性,可以通过调节FXR及其下游脂质代谢相关靶基因的表达从而发挥调节脂质代谢的作用。本文综述了膳食多酚通过FXR调节脂质代谢的研究进展。     

Features of the effect of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on lipid metabolism,lipoproteins, and development of ischemic heart disease

The effect of saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acid on lipid, lipoprotein metabolism and ischaemic heart disease is reviewed. Optimal effect on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and prevention of ischemic heart disease exert only physiologically correlated amount of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid. Especially negative metabolic action is noted by use of heated oils contained polyunsaturated fatty acids.     

复合绿茶对高脂血症小鼠胆汁酸代谢的影响

目的 探讨复合绿茶对高脂血症小鼠的降脂作用及其潜在机制。方法 通过高脂饮食诱导建立高脂小鼠模型,灌胃给予复合茶后,观察小鼠体重及血脂指标变化,并进行肝脏胆汁酸代谢组学分析。结果 复合绿茶剂量组小鼠体重、血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)水平均显著降低(P<0.05),高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)明显升高(P<0.05)。共检测到10个胆汁酸及其衍生物代谢物,与高脂组(NK)相比,复合绿茶的低剂量组(DL)中的胆汁酸及其衍生物差异不显著,而高剂量组(DH)中牛磺熊去氧胆酸、牛磺鹅去氧胆酸、甘氨胆酸显著下调。牛磺熊去氧胆酸与高脂血症中的胆汁酸代谢调节呈负相关,而牛磺鹅去氧胆酸和甘氨胆酸则与其呈正相关。结论 高脂饮食引起小鼠的代谢紊乱主要与胆汁酸代谢等途径有关,复合绿茶通过调节高脂血症小鼠体内血脂水平和10种胆汁酸及其衍生物代谢物所对应的代谢通路,缓解了小鼠代谢紊乱的症状。     

The effect of linseed oil on the fatty acid composition of blood plasma low- and very low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol in diabetics]

Twenty patients with compensated diabetes mellitus of 10-15-year duration took polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 (30 g of flax oil a day) in addition to their routine food. This led to an insignificant lowering in total cholesterol and elevation of cholesterol in high density lipoproteins. A significant rise in the level of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipoproteins occurred in 6 patients only. Minor effect of the diet oil may be due to low delta-6-desaturic activity in the majority of the examinees. The findings point to necessity to use other sources of omega-3 acids in diet therapy of diabetics, fish oil, in particular.     

Comparative study of effects of diet therapy including eiconol or linseed oil on several parameters of lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

It was investigated the influence of a diet supplemented with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) omega-3 on dynamic of basal glycaemia, lipid profile and composition of fatty acids of erythrocytes in type 2 diabetic patients. Traditional 9 diet was supplemented with fish ("Eiconol", 8 grams per day) or vegetable (linseed oil, 17.5 grams per day) PUFA omega-3. The results investigations indicated that a omega-3 PUFA-enriched diet has a beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. But dietary administration of PUFA omega-3 may be used differently for correction of dislipoproteinemia in diabetic patients.     

Modern ideas about the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet of women and children: new aspects

Literature data on biochemical functions and physiological significance of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) nutrition of children and pregnant women have been analyzed. New own data about main metabolic functions of PUFA regulation of lipid peroxidation and forming of antioxidant system--in healthy term and preterm babies and pregnant women with preeclampsia are given. At the same time the data on the synthesis of 4th and 5th series leukotrienes in healthy and sick children and cell membrane fatty acids composition changes at different types of inflammation are shown. The hypothesis had been formulated about omega-3 PUFA possible participation in cell proliferation and programming role of their adequate intake at early age for providing health in older age periods. It was pointed also on the importance of correct relation of omega-6/omega-3 PUFA in the diet as the precursors of 4th and 5th series leukotrienes in the organism for prevention of hard and long lasting course of some invaliding diseases in children and successful course and pregnancy termination in women.     

Hypolipidemic Activity of Peony Seed Oil Rich in α‐Linolenic,is Mediated Through Inhibition of Lipogenesis and Upregulation of Fatty Acid β‐Oxidation

Peony seed oil (PSO) is a new resource food rich in α‐Linolenic Acid(ALA) (38.66%). The objective of this study was to assess the modulatory effect of PSO on lipid metabolism. Lard oil, safflower oil (SFO), and PSO were fed to wistar rats with 1% cholesterol in the diet for 60 d. Serum and liver lipids showed significant decrease in total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) levels in PSO fed rats compared to lard oil and SFO fed rats. ALA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), contents were significantly increased, whereas linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (AA) levels decreased in serum and liver of PSO fed rats. Feeding PSO increased ALA level and decreased n‐6 to n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio. The hypolipidemic result of PSO indicated that PSO participated in the regulation of plasma lipid concentration and cholesterol metabolism in liver. The decreased expression of sterol regulatory element‐binding proteins 1C (SREBP‐1c), acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FAS)‐reduced lipid synthesis; Activation of peroxisome proliferator–activator receptor (PPARα) accompanied by increase of uncoupling protein2 (UP2) and acyl‐CoA oxidase (AOX) stimulated lipid metabolism and exerted an antiobesity effect via increasing energy expenditure for prevention of obesity.