地衣芽孢杆菌W10与咪鲜胺对桃枝枯病的协同防治作用

[目的]筛选出地衣芽孢杆菌W10与化学农药毒力增效复配剂,明确复配剂对桃枝枯病的田间防效。[方法]采用菌丝生长抑制法,测定W10菌液与化学农药不同配比对桃枝枯病菌的联合毒力,并评价复配剂对桃枝枯病的田间防效。[结果]W10与咪鲜胺1∶1和1∶2复配对桃枝枯病菌有明显的增效抑制作用。3年田间小区试验表明W10和咪鲜胺1:1复配对桃枝枯病防效达到或超过了咪鲜胺单剂。[结论]地衣芽孢杆菌W10可与咪鲜胺复配协同防治桃枝枯病,不仅提高生防比例和效果,还减少农药使用。     

不同配方吡唑醚菌酯包衣对玉米茎腐病的防治试验

[目的]明确不同配方的吡唑醚菌酯种衣剂对玉米茎基腐病的防治效果，筛选出最佳种衣剂。[方法]采用菌丝生长法测定吡唑醚菌酯对茎基腐病主要病原菌效果，测定不同吡唑醚菌酯种衣剂对玉米茎基腐病的田间防效。[结果]吡唑醚菌酯+咯菌腈+精甲霜灵和吡唑醚菌酯+精甲霜灵包衣能有效的防治玉米茎基腐病，防效均达到80%以上。     

5种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂对芦笋茎枯病菌的室内毒力及田间药效评价

[目的]比较5种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂对芦笋茎枯病菌的室内毒力及田间防效,筛选防治芦笋茎枯病的有效药剂。[方法]采用菌丝生长速率法测定菌丝生长的抑制作用,采用常规喷雾法进行田间药效试验。[结果]5种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂对芦笋茎枯病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用大小顺序为吡唑醚菌酯醚菌酯啶氧菌酯肟菌酯嘧菌酯,其EC50值分别为6.1029、52.5591、83.8257、129.8616、252.1214 mg/L,均显著小于对照药剂多菌灵的EC50值(753.3650 mg/L)。田间药效试验结果表明:5种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂制剂吡唑醚菌酯、嘧菌酯、醚菌酯、啶氧菌酯和肟菌酯分别以有效成分312.5、312.5、625、281.25、625 mg/L施药3次后,对芦笋茎枯病的防治效果分别为81.20%、71.69%、77.95%、74.80%和68.54%,均显著高于对照药剂50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂1000 mg/L的防效(48.27%)。[结论]5种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂对芦笋茎枯病菌菌丝生长均具有很好的抑制作用,田间喷施3次后均能达到较为理想的防治效果,可作为防治芦笋茎枯病的有效药剂推广应用。     

西瓜蔓枯病有效药剂筛选及药效评价

[目的]通过对西瓜蔓枯病菌进行室内毒力测定与田间药效试验,筛选出抑菌效果较好的杀菌剂。[方法]采用菌丝生长速率法测定10种杀菌剂对西瓜蔓枯病菌的室内毒力,并进行4种杀菌剂的田间药效试验。[结果]苯醚甲环唑、啶酰菌胺、戊唑醇、异菌脲、吡唑醚菌酯的EC50值均小于1 mg/L,抑菌效果较好。田间药效试验中,50%啶酰菌胺WG的防效最好,达93.86%,其次为10%苯醚甲环唑WG,防效为62.48%。[结论]啶酰菌胺与苯醚甲环唑对西瓜蔓枯病具有良好的防效,可作为防治西瓜蔓枯病的有效药剂。     

吡唑醚菌酯与苯醚甲环唑混剂对花生褐斑病的防治

[目的]明确吡唑醚菌酯和苯醚甲环唑混合对花生褐斑病毒力增效作用。[方法]室内联合毒力测定和田间药效试验。[结果]筛选得到吡唑醚菌酯与苯醚甲环唑的增效型混剂。[结论]吡唑醚菌酯与苯醚甲环唑以1:1混配对抑制菌丝生长增效最为明显,共毒系数为138.86。田间药效试验中,20%吡唑醚菌酯·苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂对花生叶斑病的防治效果达到84.50%,显著优于2个单剂的防效。     

啶酰菌胺与吡唑醚菌酯混配对灰葡萄孢的增效作用

[目的]明确啶酰菌胺与吡唑醚菌酯混配对灰葡萄孢的毒力增效作用。[方法]采用黄瓜子叶喷雾法测定啶酰菌胺、吡唑醚菌酯及其不同配比对灰葡萄孢的毒力,以Wadley公式进行评价,并通过田间试验验证其对番茄灰霉病的防效。[结果]啶酰菌胺与吡唑醚菌酯以质量比2:1混配,增效作用最明显;在田间试验中,增效组合(2:1)在240~300 g a.i./hm2的剂量下,对番茄灰霉病的防效为76.63%~88.03%。[结论]啶酰菌胺与吡唑醚菌酯以2:1进行混配对番茄灰霉病具有良好的防治效果,值得在田间推广应用。     

吡唑醚菌酯对大豆炭疽病防效及保健增产作用

[目的]吡唑醚菌酯是巴斯夫公司开发的一种高活性的具有保健作用的QoI类杀菌剂.主要研究了吡唑醚菌酯对大豆炭疽病的田间防效及其对大豆的保健增产作用.[结果]田间防效试验结果表明:25％吡唑醚菌酯EC67.5、100、135 g a.i./hm2对大豆炭疽病的防效分别为58.5％、75.8％和85.7％;18.3％ Opera SC 90、110g a.i./hm2的防效分别为69.6％和82.5％;对照药剂25％丙环唑EC 169 g a.i./hm2的防效为61.2％.在使用吡唑醚菌酯处理后的田块,大豆的产量、株高、底荚高度和百粒质量显著提高,但对大豆植株的有效分枝数、主茎节数、每株结荚数并未产生影响.[结论]用吡唑醚菌酯处理后,大豆豆荚的颜色更为鲜亮美观,颗粒饱满,提高了大豆的品质.     

吡唑醚菌酯与氟硅唑混用防治花生褐斑病田间药效及安全性评价

[目的1明确吡唑醚菌酯与氟硅唑混用防治花生褐斑病的田间药效、对花生的安全性以及对非靶标生物的影响.[方法]采用叶面喷雾法,进行田间小区药效试验.[结果]花生褐斑病发病初期,吡唑醚菌酯与氟硅唑混用(吡唑醚菌酯12％,氟硅唑3％)有效成分用量112.5～135 g a.i./hm2,连续施药2次,间隔7 d,防效可达80％...     

噻呋酰胺与吡唑醚菌酯复配对马铃薯黑痣病联合作用及其田间效果

采用菌丝生长速率法测定噻呋酰胺与吡唑醚菌酯不同配比复配对马铃薯黑痣病菌的毒力,评价其联合作用,并选择最佳配比加工成制剂进行田间小区药效试验。试验结果表明:噻呋酰胺与吡唑醚菌酯以质量比3︰1、2︰1、1︰1、1︰2、1︰3复配,增效作用显著,其中以质量比1︰2复配,增效作用最佳,共毒系数为181.42。按此比例加工30%噻呋·吡唑酯悬浮剂,在有效成分用量为200~300 g/hm~2时地面喷雾,开花期、收获时对植株黑痣病和薯块黑痣病的防效分别为72.09%~75.58%和77.08%~80.80%。因此,30%噻呋·吡唑酯悬浮剂防治马铃薯黑痣病效果良好,且对马铃薯安全,有较高的推广应用价值。     

硅肥与18%吡唑醚菌酯SC混喷对玉米茎基腐病及产量的影响

[目的]明确可溶性硅与杀菌剂互作对玉米茎基腐病的防治效果。[方法]通过田间随机区组试验,比较了不同浓度可溶性硅肥与18%吡唑醚菌酯SC配施对玉米茎基腐病的防效。[结果]各处理都能提高玉米叶绿素含量、百粒重、产量及对玉米茎基腐病的防效。[结论]混合喷施的效果大于单喷,硅肥浓度越大,防效和产量越高,混合喷施2000 mg/L可溶性硅和18%吡唑醚菌酯SC后玉米叶绿素相对含量最高,对茎基腐病的防效最好,百粒重和产量最高。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.