"99·6"梅雨锋暴雨低涡切变线的数值模拟和分析

在天气分析的基础上,利用非静力中尺度模式MM5和四维资料同化逼进方法及双向三重嵌套网格技术,对1999年6月23～25日(简称"99·6")发生在长江中下游地区的梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟.结果表明:模拟结果与观测结果的比较指出,高分辨数值模式MM5可以成功地模拟梅雨锋中尺度低涡切变线的发生和发展;模拟结果显示,在α中尺度低涡切变线发展过程中,低层强的西南急流和东北气流增强了低层的辐合;而高空的西风急流和东风急流则增强了高空的辐散;正是由于这种从高空到低空环流的配置,才促进了α中尺度低涡不断发展;模拟低涡切变线不同部位的垂直环流和物理量场表明,"99·6"梅雨锋低涡切变线的结构非常复杂:在梅雨锋的发展期,暖锋附近的垂直上升运动最强,低涡中心次之,冷锋附近最弱.模拟结果也表明,由于下垫面特征的不同,中国和日本的梅雨锋暖锋附近环流结构有较大的区别;模拟结果显示,在α中尺度低涡发展过程中,不断有扰动在低涡前部发展,激发并分裂出一系列的β中尺度系统,β中尺度系统运动剧烈,但由于其低层辐合强于中空辐散,所以当它远离母体时会很快衰减.     

一次梅雨锋特大暴雨过程的数值模拟研究：不同尺度天气系统的影响作用

2003年7月4~5日在江淮地区沿梅雨锋有一系列中尺度对流系统相继生成和强烈发展,导致了江淮地区特大暴雨的形成。该研究利用中尺度数值模式MM5对这次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,在模拟结果的基础上重点分析了不同尺度天气系统相互作用对这次特大暴雨过程的影响作用。在这次特大暴雨过程中,位于梅雨锋北侧的东北—西南走向深厚、稳定的短波槽系统与槽前从西南移来的低涡系统相配合,加强了位于梅雨锋北侧的反气旋性扰动发展,从而导致梅雨锋北侧反气旋性涡旋的形成。该类反气旋性涡旋形成对江淮切变线的加强与维持起重要作用。中尺度对流系统的潜热释放首先导致梅雨锋低层切变线上的中尺度对流性涡旋(MCV)的形成,而中尺度对流性涡旋的形成进一步加强了切变线上的低层辐合,中尺度对流性涡旋消亡后,在切变线上形成低涡。梅雨锋附近主要存在4种不同垂直环流,它在降水的不同阶段具有不同的结构、配置与动力学作用。其中跨锋面、高层非地转两支垂直环流对锋区的对流扰动发展和暴雨形成最为重要,而降水发展可以调整锋区垂直环流的结构、配置,随降水的减弱,梅雨锋区的不同垂直环流系统又重新恢复到先前结构。梅雨锋上不同尺度、高度的天气系统之间的相互作用主要通过这些垂直环流系统调整实现。     

梅雨锋结构特征及与锋上涡旋扰动关系的诊断分析

利用1999年6月下旬持续性梅雨锋降水过程的模拟结果以及野外实验的加密资料，对这次梅雨锋过程进行诊断分析， 发现梅雨锋主；要表现为中层锋面，强度比边界层锋强，低涡沿中层锋面南缘移动。中层锋强的演变对两类低涡（西南涡和局地涡）发展的影响程度不同。对于东移明显的西南涡，梅雨锋强度的加强比低涡提早6小时以上。而对于长江中游的局地涡，锋面最强与低涡最强出现的时间却比较接近。梅雨锋中层锋面发展最强的位置与低涡发展最强的位置在东西方向上基本重合，基本在同一经度上。因此，低涡暴雨扰动加强发展区的北侧正是前期持续锋生所在，并且锋生的位置在东西方向上基本不随时间发生位移。当低涡移经该地时，低涡强度最强， 随后低涡东移并且强度减弱，锋面大值带也减弱并随低涡向东传播。     

苏北东部一次梅雨锋大暴雨过程的多尺度特征

利用美国NCEP再分析资料结合地面加密自动站、卫星、雷达等常规资料,对2006年7月3日苏北东部地区一次最强的梅雨锋大暴雨过程进行了诊断分析,揭示了此次过程不同尺度系统的特征.结果表明:(1)此次过程是一次非典型的梅雨锋对流性暴雨,贝加尔湖稳定、强大的高压脊是引发大暴雨过程的大尺度背景条件.(2)高空槽、西南涡、低空急流以及地面气旋为大暴雨提供了强劲的动力和水汽条件.(3)α中尺度上,该暴雨系统的垂直结构为中低层强烈的辐合和上层的辐散,其中心有着强烈的上升气流;同时在中高层,系统的北侧有一个高空急流强迫产生的次级环流.地面多个中尺度涡旋的上升气流汇合成高低空急流耦合产生的次级环流的上升支,这种中尺度暴雨系统的三维结构为强暴雨的形成提供了持久必要的动力、水汽和不稳定性条件.(4)云图上对应一个MCS的发展演变,雷达上弓形回波对应的速度图上的"逆风区"和"中气旋"则是这次过程中局地短时强降水、龙卷的γ中尺度系统.     

准静止梅雨锋连续暴雨个例的位涡反演诊断

2006年6月5—8日,受准静止的梅雨锋系统影响,福建北部地区发生了连续4 d的暴雨天气,引发了严重的洪涝灾害。文中利用1°×1°NCEP再分析资料、位涡诊断和位涡反演的方法,详细分析了梅雨锋演变过程中主要天气系统的变化,位涡和位涡扰动(位涡异常)与梅雨锋及梅雨锋带上强降水之间的关系,并通过分离位涡扰动的方法探讨了与不同物理过程有关的位涡扰动在梅雨锋发生发展中的作用。结果发现:对流层低层锋面南北两侧高压系统的稳定维持是准东西向梅雨锋形成和维持的主要原因。满足非线性平衡方程的平衡流很大程度上代表了实际气流,它的演变基本上反映了梅雨锋流场的演变。非平衡流形成了梅雨锋辐合带,它主要来自梅雨锋北侧的高压系统。与潜热释放有关的对流层中低层的正位涡扰动是梅雨锋发生发展中有主要影响的因子之一。边界层的位涡扰动一定程度上有利于梅雨锋的形成和维持。总体而言,下边界位温扰动并不利于梅雨锋的形成和维持,但它具有一定的日变化。高层位涡扰动对梅雨锋形成和维持的作用相对其他位涡扰动要弱的多,且不利于梅雨锋的形成和维持,但在梅雨锋后期南压阶段作用增强。对流层中低层与潜热释放无关的其他位涡扰动对梅雨锋的南压起到了一定作用。     

一次梅雨锋结构及锋区强度对锋面结构影响的数值模拟

利用中尺度模式MM5对1999年6月下旬发生在长江中下游地区的一次锋上西南低涡发展的梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了研究。通过敏感性试验, 探讨了低涡对锋强、 锋生的敏感性, 锋生、 锋消与低涡发展演变的时间空间上的联系等问题\.结果表明, 低涡对中层锋面强度的变化敏感, 中层锋强发生改变会导致整层涡度发生同位相的变化。中层系统对梅雨锋气旋的发展起主要作用, 中层锋面对低涡发展的影响比边界层锋更关键。中层锋面强度改变会激发出中低层的垂直次级环流, 低层的辐合上升运动发生改变, 最终影响到低涡强度的发展。敏感性试验证明, 锋面强度变化对低涡发展造成的影响有超前性, 中层锋面先发生变化, 6 h左右以后低涡强度发生改变。锋区强度和低涡强度发生变化的地理位置基本在同一经度上, 锋强变化的位置在涡强变化位置的北面。     

一次梅雨锋暴雨中尺度系统发展的动力机制分析

应用常规资料、TBB资料和NCEP分析资料,对2007年7月25日发生在湘黔边境的一次梅雨锋大暴雨天气过程进行了分析.结果表明:深厚的高空低槽和副热带高压稳定维持,有利于冷暖空气的辐合和梅雨锋的长时间维持.梅雨锋上不断有中小尺度对流系统产生,这些中小尺度对流系统在受到大尺度强迫作用和梅雨锋自身的强迫抬升作用而发展增强并长时间维持,在暴雨区形成强烈的降水.暴雨区上空具有低层辐合、高层辐散的结构特征,低层的辐合使得涡度往中上层输送,这种耦合形势有利于垂直上升运动和暴雨的维持.积云对流释放的凝结潜热加热对流层中上层大气,引起梅雨锋锋生,维持和促进了垂直上升运动和对流活动.     

一次梅雨锋暴雨过程多尺度特征的诊断分析

文中对 1998年 6月 12～ 15日长江中下游地区入汛后最强的一次梅雨锋大暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明 ,此次暴雨是在 3种不同尺度天气系统的共同作用下形成的。中高纬的双阻型和副热带高压位置偏南 ,是引发该暴雨过程的大尺度背景条件 ;天气尺度的低压槽为该阶段的连续大暴雨提供了动力条件 ,它的前部存在一个低层辐合、正涡度和高层辐散、负涡度的带状区域。α中尺度上 ,该暴雨系统的垂直结构为中低层强烈的辐合和上层的辐散 ,其中心有着强烈的上升气流 ;同时在中高层 ,系统的南侧有一个高空急流强迫产生的次级环流。这种α中尺度暴雨系统的三维结构为强暴雨的形成提供了必要的动力、水汽和不稳定性条件。     

一次梅雨锋暴雨的数值模拟及位涡诊断

在对2005年7月11—12日发生在长江中下游地区的一次暴雨过程进行天气分析的基础上,利用MM5数值模式对这次暴雨过程进行模拟,模拟结果及客观分析对比表明,MM5基本上成功地再现了这次暴雨过程。对模式输出的高分辨率结果进行诊断分析,发现梅雨锋暴雨期间,暴雨区上空对流层中低层有平行于雨带的位涡（PζV）、湿位涡垂直分量（MζPV1）的正值区以及湿位涡水平分量（ζMPV2）的负值区,而分布在高层相当位温（eθ）线密集带上PζV、ζMPV1正值中心以及ζMPV2负值中心沿该密集带传向低空。干空气侵入在这次暴雨过程中有重要作用,对流层高层西风分量下传将高纬高层高位涡干空气带到低纬暴雨区低层,促使对流层低层对流发展,从而产生强降水。     

2000年7月西南涡暴雨过程的分析和数值模拟

对2000年7月1～8日西南涡暴雨过程进行了大尺度分析,并利用中尺度暴雨模式MRM1对这次过程进行了数值模拟,结果表明,这次西南涡暴雨过程分为两个阶段,分别对应着两次冷空气南下。暖切变线的南北摆动是发生大暴雨的一个重要原因,而西南急流核的向北传播导致雨区向北传播。模式成功地模拟出了中-α尺度的低涡、切变线,沿暖切变线的强烈倾斜上升气流、中尺度正涡度以及水汽通量散度辐合柱状结构,这些对暴雨的发生提供了动力和水汽条件;而沿低空急流轴的狭长暖湿舌,其北部的干冷区构成的南北向能量锋区,以及较强的中低空不稳定层结是这次暴雨持续发生的重要条件。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.