中尺度西南涡、切变线对“07.7”贵州西部暴雨影响的分析与模拟

2007年7月30日贵州西部出现了大范围的强暴雨过程,本文分析了这次暴雨过程的云团特征和环流形势,并利用PSU/NCAR的MM5中尺度数值模式对这次暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,重点研究这次暴雨发生、发展和移向的物理机制。结果表明:这次暴雨过程与中尺度云团、中低层西南涡、切变线、南支槽和中低空急流活动密切相关,同时还与西太平洋副热带高压活动相关。位于四川东部至重庆西部的西南涡、切变线出现在中低空急流的西北侧或西侧,而贵州西部强降水发生在西南涡、切变线南侧与急流交汇处。高、低空正涡度中心在贵州西北部地区上空的叠加、耦合是该西南涡、切变线持续发展的主要物理机制,为暴雨的发生提供动力条件。垂直上升运动是中低空急流和西南涡联系的纽带,也是西南涡动力驱动的结果。西南涡、切变线和中低空急流在暴雨出现前建立,而暴雨、中低空急流和西南涡、切变线几乎同时南移减弱,预示贵州西部暴雨即将结束。     

2009年7月8-9日泰安市暴雨成因分析

2009年7月8-9日发生在泰安的暴雨天气过程主要是在副高西进北抬、副高边缘西南暖湿气流与高空低槽东移南压相结合的大尺度环流下,由黄河北部的低层中尺度切变线和鲁中地区的小低涡以及低空西南急流共同作用造成的.低空西南急流为大暴雨的产生输送了充足的水汽,低涡加大了辐合上升运动和水汽辐合.850 hPa低空大气散度辐合中心正处于泰安,垂直速度强上升区也在鲁中地区,为暴雨产生提供了足够的动力条件,低层850 hPa假相当位温θse＞75 ℃的高能舌为这次暴雨提供了不稳定能量.     

2003年7月8～9日江淮流域暴雨过程中涡旋的结构特征分析

2003年淮河流域梅雨期 (6月29日～7月11日) 的强降水过程有三次: 6月29日～7月1日、 7月3～5日及7月8～11日。本文对7月8日12时～9日12时期间湖南、 安徽和江苏发生的强降水过程的中尺度数值模式MM5的输出资料进行了诊断分析。分析结果表明: 除大尺度系统的配置有利于此次降水的发生以外, 此次降水主要发生在由西南及偏南暖湿气流与偏北气流辐合形成的梅雨锋切变线上, 切变线上辐合中心处生成并发展的两个中尺度低涡是造成降水的直接系统。低空西南风急流形成了从孟加拉湾、 南海至华东地区的强水汽输送带以及湖南、 安徽和江苏的水汽辐合中心, 为暴雨创造了十分有利的水汽条件。在低层切变线的辐合中心处有两个低涡分别生成或发展, 并沿切变线向东北方向移动, 这两个低涡生成的位置是低空急流左前侧急流达到极值的区域 (也是正涡度中心区), 其生成可能与低空急流的加强有关。在低涡附近, 低层水汽辐合较强, 且对流层中低层形成了强正涡度中心和强散度中心相耦合的动力结构, 并有强上升运动维持, 使得低层辐合的水汽被抬升到对流层高层, 有利于暴雨的发生。     

“08.7”襄樊罕见特大暴雨的中尺度观测特征与物理机制分析

利用Micaps常规观测资料、自动站加密观测资料、NCEP再分析资料和GOES卫星资料,从环流背景、水汽条件、动力条件、不稳定机制等方面,重点对2008年7月22日襄樊罕见特大暴雨的中尺度观测特征与物理机制进行分析.结果表明:此次特大暴雨是在副热带高压、高空槽、西南低涡、切变线和地面倒槽的共同作用下发生的:切变线上对流云团在暴雨区合并、加强是造成襄樊罕见特大暴雨天气的直接原因,强降水发生在TBB低值中心;沿低空急流建立的从南海到华中地区的水汽通道,为暴雨发生发展直接输送暖湿空气;低层强烈的水汽输送和水汽辐合使暴雨区大气湿层迅速增厚,为暴雨发生发展提供了有利的水汽条件;低层辐合、高层辐散和整层正涡度的配置以及强的垂直上升运动,为暴雨发生提供了动力条件;能量锋锋生、湿度锋锋生对中尺度对流系统发生发展具有触发作用.     

北京“7.21”特大暴雨过程中尺度系统的模拟及演变特征分析

在2012年7月21日北京特大暴雨过程天气尺度环流背景分析的基础上,主要用WRF模式对该次暴雨过程进行了高分辨率的模拟。利用模拟资料分析了影响此次北京特大暴雨的辐合线及辐合线上生成的中尺度低涡的热动力结构及其演变。从热力场来看,来自于西北和东北方向的强冷空气与西南和东南暖湿气流的长时间对峙形成的辐合以及中低层冷空气从西北和东北方向向西南的入侵迫使整层暖湿空气抬升,以及低空急流的暖湿平流与低空弱冷空气之间形成的"西冷东暖"的结构,对对流不稳定的触发有一定作用,有助于该次特大暴雨的发生。对流层低层的西(东)南风与西北风之间形成了一条持续时间长的辐合切变线,切变线上不断有中尺度低涡生成并沿切变线发展移动,模拟资料分析表明,低涡不断沿切变线生成并移动经过北京从而对该次暴雨造成影响,这与"列车效应"现象类似。切变线上生成的中尺度低涡位置也同时处于急流左前侧和山前,低涡加强和发展时对应有暴雨的明显增强,是直接造成北京特大暴雨的中尺度系统,其生成与低层辐合、低空急流及地形均有关系。低层辐合引发的垂直运动在地形迎风坡附近得到加强,低层辐合及地形抬升共同导致了强垂直运动的发展和维持,是暴雨持续的重要原因。大气中层有下沉气流与低层上升气流相互作用,在大气中低层形成一系列中尺度环流,房山附近一直有中尺度环流的垂直上升支维持,也是暴雨中心出现在房山的原因之一。     

2009年6月28-30日湖北区域性大暴雨诊断分析

利用NCEP资料、LAPS产品、地面自动站资料及卫星资料和多普勒雷达拼图资料,对2009年6月28—30日湖北区域性大暴雨过程的环流背景与动力、热力、水汽条件等进行了诊断分析。结果表明：此次过程是在贝加尔湖低槽东移、副热带高压加强西伸北抬、西南急流发展、低层切变线南压和低涡东移的条件下发生的;低空急流的发展使大气强烈转暖,低层辐合与正涡度、高层辐散与负涡度及其相互配合,为暴雨发生发展提供了有利的热力和动力条件;冷空气南下在高温高湿的长江流域形成锋区以及西南急流加强,不仅向暴雨区提供了充沛水汽,还与切变加强、低涡东移共同造成能量锋区锋生,沿低层θse能量锋区及切变线有多个对流云团和强回波生成引发区域性强降水。     

一次特大暴雨过程的数值模拟试验

利用MM5V3非静力模式对2003年8月25日12：00至26日00：00发生于鲁西南地区的一次特大暴雨天气过程进行了数值模拟分析.模式较成功地模拟了这次特大暴雨天气过程,再现了中β尺度低涡的发生、发展和消亡过程.数值模拟结果表明：本次暴雨过程具有较强的中尺度特征,暴雨区上空低层近东西向的切变线及其强烈的辐合上升运动和高空急流核人口处右侧的辐散上升运动的耦合,是导致中β尺度低涡迅速发展而产生此次特大暴雨的触发机制,西南急流和低空偏东风回流的水汽输送以及层结不稳定对这次特大暴雨的产生有重要作用.     

湖北梅雨期３次大暴雨过程诊断分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP 2.5°×2.5°再分析资料,选取1991年7月9日、1998年7月21日、2010年7月8日湖北省梅雨期的三次大暴雨过程,对影响三次暴雨天气背景以及暴雨发生所需的动力、水汽、热力条件进行诊断分析。试图总结这类区域性暴雨的预报着眼点。结果表明：三次过程的高、低空急流的位置,水汽输送路径有一定相似性;影响三次过程的中尺度系统为西南涡-切变线。850 hPa正涡度中心、水汽通量散度中心与暴雨落区有较好对应,反映了中低层风的辐合和垂直上升运动有利于降水的维持。三次过程暴雨区域700 hPa湿正压项和斜压项绝对值之和均在0.5～0.6 PVU之间,柱状的水汽饱和区均延伸至500 hPa以上;此类暴雨的预报着眼点为：西南涡-切变线以及低空急流的位置是暴雨落区预报的重点,低层的涡度、水汽通量散度、假相当位温高能舌,以及大气运动的垂直结构对暴雨落区预报有较好的参考价值。     

广东清远一次暖区暴雨过程分析

利用实况常规气象资料、FY-2E卫星资料及地面自动站资料,从天气形势、物理量、中尺度系统演变等方面综合分析了2017年7月上旬清远市的一次大暴雨天气过程。结果表明:该次暴雨过程是由与低空急流相对应的低层正涡度区触发的一次暖区暴雨天气过程,200 hPa辐散场起到了良好的抽吸作用,500 hPa槽前西南气流和850 hPa西南急流,促进了不稳定能量和低层水汽的积累,为暴雨的中小尺度系统发展提供了有利的条件。充足的水汽输送以及高低层涡度场的配合为该次暴雨的发生提供了水汽及动力条件。另外,该次暴雨过程与中尺度对流系统的活动直接相关,是由2个中尺度对流系统直接影响造成的。     

广东省前汛期一次暴雨过程的诊断分析

用逐日6小时一次的地面站点实况观测资料和1°×1°的NCEP分析资料,对4月4日至4月6日的这次暴雨降水过程进行降水实况和大型环流背景的分析.深入讨论了这次降水过程的水汽输送特征、大气不稳定特征和高低层的动力条件.结果表明,这次暴雨的有利天气背景为高空槽、切变线与深厚低空急流以及冷空气的相互配合.在暴雨期间,地面不稳定能量的累积和西南低空急流输送的充沛水汽,通过水汽通量分析,雨区存在深厚的水汽柱,低层正涡度中心和高层的辐散中心与地面的暴雨区相互对应,底层涡度中心和高层散度中心的增大和减小能较有效地指示降雨过程的开始和结束.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.