阿魏酸与咖啡酸对丙烯酰胺形成及消减的影响

探讨阿魏酸与咖啡酸在美拉德模拟体系中对丙烯酰胺形成和消减的影响。结果表明:在天冬酰胺/葡萄糖模拟反应体系中,阿魏酸与咖啡酸的添加量为250 mmol/L和25mmol/L时可抑制丙烯酰胺的形成,而二者浓度低于2.5mmol/L时则促进丙烯酰胺的形成。将阿魏酸与咖啡酸分别与丙烯酰胺单独高温处理,发现2种酚酸对丙烯酰胺都具有消减效果,但效果不明显,因此判定阿魏酸与咖啡酸对美拉德模拟体系中丙烯酰胺含量的影响主要作用于丙烯酰胺的形成阶段。另外,酸性条件下,醌型酚酸比酚型酚酸对丙烯酰胺的消减作用更大,而在中性条件下,酚型酚酸的消减作用更强。     

白腐菌协同碱性H2O2杨木脱木素及其机理

在没有外源营养时，白腐菌能在杨木片上生长，并对杨木片木素成分有明显的降解作用；白腐菌协同碱性过氧化氢能进一步增加对杨木片木素成分的脱除作用，与碱性过氧化氢单独处理相比较，对酸溶木素的脱除作用不明显；白腐菌对杨木片木素的降解以氧化反应为主，其中对愈创木基的降解作用大于紫丁香基，残余木素分子中的-CH3和-OH基含量均有增加，羰基的数量也增加了；白腐菌协同碱性过氧化氢处理对杨木片细胞角部位的木素脱除率明显高于胞间层。     

静电复印废纸的可脱墨性研究

对静电复印废纸油墨的可脱除性进行了研究.结果表明,油墨的脱除需要机械能、热能和化学能三者的协同作用.静电复印废纸的碎解宜采用高浓、高转速及较高的温度并适当延长碎浆时间;氢氧化钠、硅酸钠及过氧化氢等常规脱墨化学品对油墨的脱除贡献较少,而表面活性剂起主要作用.静电复印废纸中的油墨更适合在中性条件下脱除.     

阿魏酸存在下酪蛋白的酶促交联与一些性质变化

在pH值为9.5,阿魏酸存在和37℃的条件下,利用辣根过氧化物酶(EC1.11.1.7)和过氧化氢对酪蛋白进行氧化交联,并用十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和紫外吸收分析确认交联作用。在蛋白质质量分数为0.04%时,交联酪蛋白的乳化活性指数、乳化稳定性分别比酪蛋白提高25.2%和7.0%。利用葡萄糖酸–δ–内酯制备酪蛋白和交联酪蛋白的酸化凝胶,扫描电子显微镜观察可以看出交联酪蛋白凝胶的微观结构中空穴减少,形成了更为致密的结构。     

木聚糖酶对硫酸盐桉木浆过氧化氢漂白性能的影响

分别用两种工业用木聚糖酶预处理硫酸盐桉木浆,再用无氧脱木素的三段过氧化氢全无氯（TCF）漂白工艺进行漂白。研究了酶处理对浆料性能和可漂性的影响,并与未加酶处理的浆料进行了比较。两种酶在处理浆料时的作用方式相似,全漂后浆的最终白度达到86％。酶预处理后浆的白度提高1．2-1．5个百分点,木素脱除率增加7％。10％;第1段过氧化氢漂白后,白度提高最大,之后白度提高程度逐渐下降,但在整个漂白过程中木素脱除量是逐渐增大的。过氧化氢漂白末期酶助漂效果的丧失与木聚糖衍生物（如己烯糖醛酸）的发色基团有关。     

几种添加剂对热加工食品中丙烯酰胺产生的影响

以天冬酰胺、葡萄糖在高温下反应建立丙烯酰胺产生的模拟体系,探讨Vc、阿魏酸、TBHQ、NaHSO3和CaCl2对丙烯酰胺产生的抑制作用。结果表明,CaCl2效果最佳,添加量为2.1%时,抑制率达93.4%;其次为NaHSO3,添加量为2.1%时,抑制率为80%。     

碎米荠多糖的过氧化氢脱色方法研究

为了脱除碎米荠多糖液中的色素,以过氧化氢(H2O2)为脱色剂,选择脱色时间、脱色温度、pH值和过氧化氢的质量百分比浓度等因素为试验因素,进行单因素试验,以此为基础进行4因素4水平的正交试验.结果表明,在脱色时间6～7 h、室温、pH4～5和过氧化氢的质量百分比浓度为6%～7%的脱色条件下,可以有效地脱除碎米荠多糖液中的色素.     

响应面法优化过氧化氢法脱除柿子色素工艺的研究

目的 研究过氧化氢添加量、脱色温度和脱色时间对柿子粉色素脱除效果的影响。方法 采用过氧化氢法对柿子粉的色素进行脱除,并运用响应面法进行工艺条件的优化。结果 在单因素试验的基础上,采用脱色率为评价指标,运用响应面法确定了过氧化氢脱除柿子粉中色素的最佳工艺为过氧化氢添加量为10%,脱色温度40℃,脱色时间52min,在此条件下脱色率为72.13%,多糖保留率为85.75%。结论 采用响应面法优化的柿子粉的色素脱除过氧化氢法工艺条件准确可靠,方便可行,具有参考价值。     

几种添加剂对油炸薯片中丙烯酰胺产生的抑制作用

采用葡萄糖-天冬酰胺模拟反应体系研究了阿魏酸、儿茶素、CaCl2、NaHSO3、VC、L-半胱氨酸等物质对丙烯酰胺产生的抑制作用,筛选出了抑制效果良好的三种添加剂NaHSO3、CaCl2和半胱氨酸。分别用0.1%、0.3%和0.5%的NaHSO3、CaCl2和半胱氨酸在油炸前浸泡土豆片,发现它们都能显著减少油炸土豆片中丙烯酰胺的产生;当半胱氨酸和CaCl2浓度分别为0.3%和0.5%时,油炸薯片中检测不到丙烯酰胺。     

谷物中阿魏酸的分布及其生理活性的研究进展

阿魏酸是谷物中含量最丰富的酚酸之一,且主要存在于麸皮和胚芽中,主要以不溶性的结合态存在。阿魏酸有较强的抗氧化活性和细胞保护能力,对过氧化氢、超氧自由基、羟自由基、过氧化亚硝基都有强烈的清除作用,且能抑制产生自由基的酶,增加清除自由基酶的活性。因此,阿魏酸对心脑血管疾病、阿兹海默症、癌症、糖尿病、肥胖等疾病均有一定的预防和治疗效果。主要对谷物中阿魏酸理化特性、营养价值、生理活性及其对健康影响的研究进展进行综述,旨在为相关研究者提供参考。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.