Reasoning about XML update constraints

We introduce in this paper a class of constraints for describing how an XML document can evolve, namely XML update constraints. For these constraints, we study the implication problem, giving algorithms and complexity results for constraints of varying expressive power. Besides classical constraint implication, we also consider an instance-based approach in which we take into account data. More precisely, we study implication with respect to a current tree instance, resulting from a series of unknown updates. The main motivation of our work is reasoning about data integrity under update restrictions in contexts where owners may lose control over their data, such as in publishing or exchange.     

Consistent data for inconsistent XML document

XML document may contain inconsistencies that violate predefined integrity constraints, which causes the data inconsistency problem. In this paper, we consider how to get the consistent data from an inconsistent XML document. There are two basic concepts for this problem: Repair is the data consistent with the integrity constraints, and also minimally differs from the original one. Consistent data is the data common for every possible repair. First we give a general constraint model for XML, which can express the commonly discussed integrity constraints, including functional dependencies, keys and multivalued dependencies. Next we provide a repair framework for inconsistent XML document with three basic update operations: node insertion, node deletion and node value modification. Following this approach, we introduce the concept of repair for inconsistent XML document, discuss the chase method to generate repairs, and prove some important properties of the chase. Finally we give a method to obtain the greatest lower bound of all possible repairs, which is sufficient for consistent data. We also implement prototypes of our method, and evaluate our framework and algorithms in the experiment.     

S2CX: From relational data via SQL/XML to (Un-)Compressed XML

The gap between storing data in relational databases and transferring data in form of XML has been closed e.g. by SQL/XML queries that generate XML data out of relational data sources. However, only few relational database systems support the evaluation of SQL/XML queries. And even in those systems supporting SQL/XML, the evaluation of such queries is quite slow compared to the evaluation of SQL queries. In this paper, we present S2CX, an approach that allows to efficiently evaluate SQL/XML queries on any relational database system, no matter whether it supports SQL/XML or not. As a result to an SQL/XML query, S2CX supports different output formats ranging from plain XML to different compressed XML representations including a succinct encoding of XML data, schema-aware compressed XML to grammar compressed XML. In many cases, S2CX produces compressed XML as a result to an SQL/XML query even faster than the evaluation of SQL/XML queries into non-compressed XML as provided by Oracle 11 g and by DB2. Furthermore, our approach to query evaluation scales better, i.e., the larger the dataset, the faster is our approach compared to SQL/XML query evaluation in Oracle 11 g and in DB2.     

Object-relational complex structures for XML storage

XML data can be stored in various database repositories, including Object-Relational Database (ORDB). Using an ORDB, we get the benefit of the relational maturity and the richness of Object-Oriented modeling, including various complex data types. These data types resemble the true nature of XML data and therefore, the conceptual semantic of XML data can be preserved. However, very often when the data is stored in an ORDB repository, they are treated as purely flat tables. Not only do we not fully utilize the facilities in current ORDB, but also we do not preserve the conceptual semantic of the XML data.In this paper, we propose novel methodologies to store XML data into new ORDB data structures, such as user-defined type, row type and collection type. Our methodology has preserved the conceptual relationship structure in the XML data, including aggregation, composition and association. For XML data retrieval, we also propose query classification based on the current SQL.Compared to the existing techniques, this work has several contributions. Firstly, it utilizes the newest features of ORDB for storing XML data. Secondly, it covers a full database design process, from the conceptual to the implementation phase. Finally, the proposed transformation methodologies maintain the conceptual semantics of the XML data by keeping the structure of the data in different ORDB complex structures.     

DiffGram结合中间件的网络应用方法

文章利用XML DiffGram及中间件技术,通过网络实现了对SQL数据库表的删除、插入和更新等操作。与一般操作数据库方法不同,该方法直接使用XML文件对SQL Server2000的数据进行操作,是操作数据库的一种新方法。     

XTRON: An XML data management system using relational databases

Recently, there has been plenty of interest in XML. Since the amount of data in XML format has rapidly increased, the need for effective storage and retrieval of XML data has arisen. Many database researchers and vendors have proposed various techniques and tools for XML data storage and retrieval in recent years. In this paper, we present an XML data management system using a relational database as a repository. Our XML management system stores XML data in a schema independent manner, and translates a comprehensive subset of XQuery expressions into a single SQL statement. Also, our system does not modify the relational engine. In this paper, we also present the experimental results in order to demonstrate the efficiency and scalability of our system compared with well-known XML processing systems.     

Storing and querying fuzzy XML data in relational databases

Information imprecision and uncertainty exist in many real-world applications and for this reason fuzzy data management has been extensively investigated in various database management systems. Currently, introducing native support for XML data in relational database management systems (RDBMs) has attracted considerable interest with a view to leveraging the powerful and reliable data management services provided by RDBMs. Although there is a rich literature on XML-to-relational storage, none of the existing solutions satisfactorily addresses the problem of storing fuzzy XML data in RDBMs. In this paper, we study the methodology of storing and querying fuzzy XML data in relational databases. In particular, we present an edge-based approach to shred fuzzy XML data into relational data. The unique feature of our approach is that no schema information is required for our data storage. On this basis, we present a generic approach to translate path expression queries into SQL for processing XML queries.     

XML压缩文档上的数值更新方法

近年来，XML已成为Web上信息交流和资源共享的主要载体。但XML自身的自冗余特性限制了它的普遍应用。目前，已经有研究成果提出了XML的压缩方法。压缩的XML文档能够有效利用存储空间，节省网络带宽。在实际应用中，经常需要对压缩存储的XML文档进行更新。对于大的压缩文档，如果先解压再更新，会消耗大量时间，因此，高效的更新方法应该避免解压缩文档，在压缩的XML文档上直接进行更新操作。本文针对压缩XML文档中的数值类型（包括整型和浮点型）数据，研究了在保持压缩状态条件下如何进行有效的数值更新，提出了基于XPRESS实现的Naive数值更新方法，以及修改XPRESS编码方法实现的更为高效的Pivot数值更新方法。通过大量的实验证明，Pivot数值更新方法不仅能够提供高效的更新处理，而且保持了XPRESS的高压缩率。     

XML数据的B树存储实现及更新

XML正逐渐成为 WWW数据表示和交换的标准 ,如何有效实现对于 XML数据的存储、查询及更新等操作是 XML 相关技术研究中的一个重要领域。本文首先简要介绍了我们的基于模式匹配的 XML 数据库系统 (DISXDBS)组成 ;然后研究了如何实现用 B树存储 XML 文档以及对其进行查询、更新等操作 ;最后与目前存在的几种 XML 文档的存储策略进行比较。     

Updating XML views published over relational databases: Towards the existence of a correct update mapping

XML data management using relational database systems has been intensively studied in the last few years. However, in order for such systems to be viable, they must support not only queries, but also updates over virtual XML views that wrap the relational data. While view updating is a long-standing difficult issue in the relational context, the flexible XML data model and nested XML query language both pose additional challenges for view updating.

This paper addresses the question, if for a given update over an XML view, a correct relational update translation exists. First, we propose a clean extended-source theory as criteria for determining whether a given translation mapping is correct. To determine the existence of such a correct mapping, we classify a view update as either un-translatable, conditionally or unconditionally translatable under a given update translation policy. This classification depends on several features of the XML view and the update: (a) granularity of the update at the view side, (b) properties of the view construction, and (c) types of duplication appearing in the view. These features are represented in the Annotated Schema Graph. This is further utilized by our Schema-driven Translatability Reasoning algorithm (STAR) to classify a given update into one of the three above update categories. The correctness of the algorithm is proven using our clean extended-source theory. This technique represents a practical approach that can be applied by any existing view update system in industry and academia for analyzing the translatability of a given update statement before translation of it is attempted. To illustrate the working algorithm, we provide a concrete case study on the translatability of XML view updates.     

XSDyM: An XML graphical conceptual model for static and dynamic constraints

Data modelling is not only important to visualise the structural schema of data, but also to show the intended integrity constraints. In this paper, we propose a modelling approach called XML Static Dynamic Modelling (XSDyM). While a text-based schema definition is often the most common method used to describe XML, graphical modelling is more accepted as it is capable of visualising the schema definition more effectively for the reader. Conveying the dynamic constraints on XML graphical model requires a special treatment as the constraints basically comprehend the state transitions. It is important for an XML modelling to keep the basis as precise as possible to satisfy the nature of XML and at the same time be able to represent the constraints in an effective way. Using the XML tree-based modelling as the basis of the work, we proposed our own approach to convey the state transitions of the constraints, where it is inspired from the well-known state diagram and adopt some useful features of ORM modelling. We evaluate the correctness of our proposed modelling using a model which involves the checking of model transformations between the modelling and the equivalent XML schema languages.     

上传多个文件到SQL SERVER

出于数据安全目的,SQLSERVER数据库管理员通常需要把多个文件上传到数据库中,文章讨论如何把多个文件,特别是XML和图像文件上传到SQLSERVER数据库表的XML数据字段中。     

Dynamically Updating XML Data: Numbering Scheme Revisited

Almost all existing approaches use certain numbering scheme to encode XML elements to facilitate query processing when XML data is stored in databases. For example, under the most popular region-based numbering scheme, the starting and ending positions of an element in a document are used as the code to identify the element so that the ancestor/descendant relationship between two elements can be determined by merely examining their codes. While such numbering scheme can greatly improve query performance, renumbering large amount of elements caused by updates becomes a performance bottleneck if XML documents are frequently updated. Unfortunately, no satisfactory work has been reported for efficient update of XML data. In this paper, we first formalize the XML data update problem by defining the basic operators to support most XML update queries. We then present a new numbering scheme that not only requires minimal code-length in comparison with existing numbering schema but also improves update performance when XML data is frequently updated at arbitrary positions. The fundamental difference between our new scheme and existing ones is that, instead of maintaining the explicit codes for elements, we only store the necessary information and generate the codes when they are needed in query processing. In addition to present the basic scheme, we also discuss some optimization techniques to further reduce the update cost. Results of a comprehensive performance study are provided to show the advantages of the new scheme.     

XML文档及其函数依赖到关系的映射

有许多文章提出了根据DTD将XML映射成关系的方法,但都没有考虑XML的语义,而语义信息对数据存储模式设计、查询优化、更新异常检查等来说是十分重要的,如果在DTD上指定了XML的函数依赖,在映射到关系数据库中就需要将其考虑进去.基于Hybrid Inlining方法并考虑XML函数依赖,提出了一种既能保持XML文档的内容和结构信息,又能保持函数依赖信息的映射方法.通过这种方法可以减少存储冗余,同时证明了映射后的关系都满足第三范式.     

SQL Server 2005中XML存取原理剖析

SQL Server 2005是Microsoft公司最新的数据库产品,其中提供了对XML强大的支持.本文剖析了SQL Server 2005中存取XML数据的原理,通过SQL Server 2005独特的编码方案ORDPATH,以及为XML数据设计的主索引和几种辅助索引,SQL Server 2005能够高效存取XML数据,保证XML查询效率,并实现了和关系数据的有效集成.     

Optimizing updates of recursive XML views of relations

XML publishing has been an emerging technique for transforming (portions of) a relational database into an XML document, for example, to facilitate interoperability between heterogeneous applications. Such applications may update the XML document and the source relational database must be updated accordingly. In this paper, we consider such XML documents as (possibly) recursively defined XML views of relations. We propose new optimization techniques to efficiently support XML view updates specified via an XPATH expression with recursion and complex filters. The main novelties of our techniques are: (1) we propose a space-efficient relational encoding of recursive XML views; and (2) we push the bulk of update processing inside a relational database. Specifically, a compressed representation of the XML views is stored as extended shared-inlining relations. A space-efficient and updatable 2-hop index is used to optimize XPATH evaluation on XML views. Updates of the XML views are evaluated on these relations and index. View update translation is handled by a heuristic procedure inside a relational database, as opposed to previous middleware approaches. We present an experimental study to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed techniques.     

Mapping DTDs to relational schemas with semantic constraints

XML is becoming a prevalent format and standard for data exchange in many applications. With the increase of XML data, there is an urgent need to research some efficient methods to store and manage XML data. As relational databases are the primary choices for this purpose considering their data management power, it is necessary to research the problem of mapping XML schemas to relational schemas. The semantics of XML schemas are crucial to design, query, and store XML documents and functional dependencies are very important representations of semantic information of XML schemas. As DTDs are one of the most frequently used schemas for XML documents in these days, we will use DTDs as schemas of XML documents here. This paper proposes the concept and the formal definition of XML functional dependencies over DTDs. A method to map XML DTDs to relational schemas with constraints such as functional dependencies, domain constraints, choice constraints, reference constraints, and cardinality constraints over DTDs is given, which can preserve the structures of DTDs as well as the semantics implied by the above constraints over DTDs. The concepts and method of mapping DTDs to relational schemas presented in the paper can be extended to the field of XML Schema just with some modifications in related formal definitions.     

不完全信息环境下存在XML强多值依赖的XML文档规范化研究

不完全信息环境下XML文档中的数据存在多值依赖时.为了避免在没有约束条件下XML文档数据出现冗余及更新异常,引入XML强多值依赖的概念和理论对XML文档的规范化进行了系统研究.基于节点信息等价、节点信息相容的概念给出了XML强多值依赖的定义;基于层次化的XML强多值依赖,提出了不完全XML文档树满足XML强多值依赖范式的条件;给出了满足该条件的不完全XML文档树无数据冗余的判定定理;提出了不完全XML文档树的规范化算法,对其时间复杂性进行了分析.理论研究和实例分析表明:研究成果较好地解决了在不完全信息环境下XML文档中存在层次化的XML强多值依赖引起的数据冗余问题.     

Dependency-preserving normalization of relational and XML data

Having a database design that avoids redundant information and update anomalies is the main goal of normalization techniques. Ideally, data as well as constraints should be preserved. However, this is not always achievable: while BCNF eliminates all redundancies, it may not preserve constraints, and 3NF, which achieves dependency preservation, may not always eliminate all redundancies. Our first goal is to investigate how much redundancy 3NF tolerates in order to achieve dependency preservation. We apply an information-theoretic measure and show that only prime attributes admit redundant information in 3NF, but their information content may be arbitrarily low. Then we study the possibility of achieving both redundancy elimination and dependency preservation by a hierarchical representation of relational data in XML. We provide a characterization of cases when an XML normal form called XNF guarantees both. Finally, we deal with dependency preservation in XML and show that like in the relational case, normalizing XML documents to achieve non-redundant data can result in losing constraints.