临床药师参与个体化给药方案设计的临床实践与案例分析

目的：探讨临床药师参与临床药物治疗、进行个体化给药方案设计的临床实践和体会。方法：临床药师为3例特殊患者设计个体化给药方案。结果与结论：临床药师参与临床个体化给药方案设计工作,加强了与医护人员的合作,增强了患者用药的有效性、安全性。临床药师参与临床药物治疗对促进临床合理用药有重要意义。     

临床药师参与呼吸科个体化给药方案设计的案例分析

目的:探讨临床药师参与呼吸科患者个体化给药方案设计的临床实践。方法:对呼吸科肾功能不全以及使用环孢素、万古霉素等药品的特殊患者进行监测,并设计个体化给药方案。结果:临床药师参与临床个体化给药方案设计工作,提高了患者的药物治疗效果,减少了不良反应,确保患者用药安全,并使药师的工作得到临床认可。结论:药师通过个体化给药工作参与临床药物治疗,可逐步融入医疗团队,发挥临床药师的作用。     

1例服用厄洛替尼的肿瘤患者的药学监护

目的:探讨临床药师参与肿瘤科患者个体化给药方案设计的临床实践。方法:临床药师通过参与1例服用厄洛替尼的肿瘤患者的治疗过程,结合患者疾病特点、用药史、药物相互作用及药品不良反应等情况,协助医生选择合适的药物,提供个体化的药学服务。结果:临床药师参与临床个体化给药方案设计工作,提高了患者的药物治疗效果,减少了不良反应,确保患者用药安全,并使药师的工作得到临床认可。结论:临床药师参与临床治疗,有利于提高临床治疗水平,促进合理用药。     

临床药师参与救治万古霉素致急性肾功能衰竭的案例分析

目的探讨临床药师在临床患者个体化给药方案设计的作用。方法临床药师参与1例万古霉素致急性肾功能衰竭的救治,对用药情况和肾功能衰竭的原因进行分析,并设计个体化给药方案。结果成功救治了1例万古霉素致急性肾功能衰竭的患者,患者症状改善明显,血清尿素氮和肌酐下降,肾功能恢复正常,痊愈出院。结论临床药师通过参与个体化给药方案设计,使患者获得优良的药学服务,同时也提高了医院的整体医疗水平。     

临床药师参与万古霉素个体化治疗的实践与体会

目的:探讨临床药师参与患者万古霉素个体化用药方案制定的临床实践。方法:对使用万古霉素的患者进行血药浓度监测,设计个体化给药方案。结果:临床药师协助临床设计万古霉素的个体化给药方案,减少了不良反应的发生,提高了药物治疗水平。结论:临床药师通过参与个体化治疗工作,可协助医师做到合理用药,为患者提供高质量、全新的药学服务。     

临床药师参与万古霉素个体化治疗实践与体会

目的探讨临床药师在参与会诊万古霉素治疗中的工作模式,推动万古霉素个体化治疗。方法通过临床药师在万古霉素治疗案例会诊中发现的问题,调整优化给药方案,评估疗效,总结经验。结果临床药师结合患者个体情况协助临床设计万古霉素个体化给药方案,减少不良反应,提高药物治疗疗效。结论临床药师通过会诊参与万古霉素个体化治疗方案的制定,使万古霉素临床应用更加合理。     

临床药师对心肌梗死患者个体化用药方案设计的实践

目的:探索临床药师参与制定药物个体化治疗方案设计以及实施有效药学监护的思路。方法:以1例心肌梗死患者为例,从临床药师角度分析患者的病情特征和治疗原则,利用药学理论和循证药学的证据,与临床医师共同商讨和制定药物治疗方案,对患者实施药学监护。结果:临床药师参与对患者个体化治疗方案的制定,同时对患者进行密切的药学监护,提高了患者的药物治疗效果,减少了不良反应,确保患者用药安全,取得了满意的治疗效果。结论:临床药师通过参与个体化用药融入临床药物治疗团队,在对患者的治疗方面发挥越来越重要的作用,为特定患者选用适当的药物、适当的剂量和适当的时间的个体化用药方案将打破传统给药模式,从而进一步促进临床用药更加安全、有效、合理。     

临床药师协助儿科个体化给药方案设计的实践与体会

目的探讨临床药师协助儿科患者个体化用药方案制定的临床实践。方法对儿科药源性肝损害用药及使用丙戊酸钠、头孢他啶、ACEI等药品的患儿进行监测,并设计个体化给药方案。结果临床药师协助临床设计个体化给药方案,减少了药品不良反应的发生,提高了药物治疗水平。结论临床药师通过参与临床个体化给药工作,可协助医师做到合理用药,避免不良反应的发生,为患者提供高质量、全新的药学技术服务。     

尿毒症患者应用头孢他啶的药学服务

目的:探讨头孢他啶腹腔灌注治疗腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的个体化给药方案和用药安全性。方法:临床药师通过对1名应用头孢他啶治疗腹膜炎的尿毒症患者血浆药物浓度和腹膜透析液浓度的监测,并运用循证医学证据,设计合理的给药方案。结果:临床药师为尿毒症患者提供头孢他啶的个体化给药方案,提高了患者用药的有效性和安全性。结论:临床药师为患者提供个体化药学服务,可以为医患双方提供合理的给药方案,并降低不良反应的发生。     

1例结核合并隐球菌性肺炎患者的药学监护

目的：探讨临床药师参与结核合并隐球菌肺炎患者治疗的药学监护切入点。方法：临床药师对1例结核合并隐球菌肺炎患者进行密切观察和随访,参与制定个体化的给药方案,监测疗效和药品不良反应,并给患者提供用药教育。结果：临床药师通过给患者提供药学监护,明显提高了药物治疗效果。结论：临床药师为患者进行个体化的药学监护,可协同医师优化药物治疗方案,保障患者用药安全、有效。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.