Effect of solution temperature and cooling rate on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser solid forming Ti-6A1-4V alloy

The effect of solution temperature and cooling rate on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser solid forming （LSF） Ti-6A1-4V alloy is investigated. The samples are solutions treated at 900, 950, and 1000 ℃, followed by water quenching, air cooling, and furnace cooling, respectively. It is found that the cooling rate of solution treatment hasα more important effect on the microstructure in comparison with the solution temperature. The martensite α formed during water quenching results in the higher hardness and tensile strength but lower ductility of samples. With decreasing the cooling rate and increasing the solution temperature, the width of primary α laths increases, and the aspect ratio and volume fraction decrease, which make the hardness and tensile strength decrease and the ductility increase.     

Chemical composition analysis for laser solid forming of titanium alloys from blended elemental powders

Laser solid forming （LSF） from blended elemental powders is an advanced technique to investigate new alloy systems and to create innovative materials. Accurate composition control is critical for the applications of this technique. In this letter, the composition analysis is performed on LSF titanium alloys from blended Ti, Al, and V powders. It is found that the composition of as-deposited sample can be controlled by keeping the identity of the divergence angle of each elemental powder stream. Based on the consistency condition for divergence angles of different elemental powder streams, the matching relation among the Ti, Al, and V powder characteristics （particle size and density） can be obtained, which ensures the consistency in composition between the laser deposits and the blended elemental powders under different laser processing parameters.     

纯物质枝晶凝固的元胞自动机模型

采用元胞自动机模型模拟了纯物质凝固微观组织演化行为. 与以往采用KGT模型简化考虑不同,采用界面能量守恒方程来自洽地确定液固界面的生长动力学,考察了模型的网格尺寸相关性和时间相关性,并对模型的稳定性进行了验证. 采用这个模型模拟了纯丁二腈在过冷熔体中的自由枝晶生长,并与Glicksman的等温枝晶生长实验(isothermal dendritic growth experiment,IDGE)和LM-K临界稳定性原理进行了对比. 模拟的形貌再现了实验形貌的特征,并且特征参数与理论结果及实验结果符合得很好. 关键词： 元胞自动机 界面 凝固 临界稳定性原理     

The effect of two-dimensional shear flow on the stability of a crystal interface in the supercooled melt

A model is developed based on the time-related thermal diffusion equations to investigate the effects of two-dimensional shear flow on the stability of a crystal interface in the supercooled melt of pure substance. Similar to the three-dimensional shear flow as described in our previous paper, the two-dimensional shear flow can also be found to reduce the growth rate of perturbation amplitude. However, compared with the case of Laplace equation for steady state thermal diffusion field, due to the existence of time partial derivatives of the temperature fields in diffusion equation the absolute value of the gradients of the temperature fields increases, therefore destabilizing the interface. The circular interface is more unstable than in the case of Laplace equation without time partial derivatives. The critical stability radius of the crystal interface increases with shearing rate increasing. The stability effect of shear flow decreases remarkably with the increase of melt undercooling.     

Absolute stability of the solidification interface in a laser resolidified Zn--2wt.%Cu hypoperitectic alloy

This paper reports on laser surface remelting experiments performed on a Zn--2wt.%}Cu hypoperitectic alloy by employing a 5kW CW CO₂ laser at scanning velocities between 6 and 1207mm/s. The growth velocities of the microstructures in the laser molten pool were accurately measured. The planar interface structure caused by the high velocity absolute stability was achieved at a growth velocity of 210~mm/s. An implicit expression of the critical solidification velocity for the cellular--planar transition was carried out by nonlinear stability analyses of the planar interface. The results showed a better agreement with the measured critical velocity than that predicted by M--S theory. Cell-free structures were observed throughout the whole molten pool at a scanning velocity of 652~mm/s and the calculated minimum temperature gradient in this molten pool was very close to the critical temperature gradient for high gradient absolute stability (HGAS) of the \eta phase. This indicates that HGAS was successfully achieved in the present experiments.     

Settling velocity of equiaxed dendrites in a tube

The settling velocity of equiaxed dendrites can cause macrosegregation and influence the structure of the equiaxed zone during the casting solidification process. So an understanding of the settling characteristics is needed to predict the structure and segregation in castings. The settling velocity of NH4Cl equiaxed dendrites of non-spherical geometry was studied experimentally in an NH4Cl-70wt.%H2O solution. A calculation formula was proposed to calculate the settling velocity of sediment equiaxed dendrites in a tube filled with saturated solution at a moderate Reynolds number region. The retardation effects of the wall and morphology of the equiaxed dendrite on the settling velocity were taken into account in the development of the calculation formula, and the correction function B of the drag coefficient with consideration of the retardation effects of the wall and morphology of the equiaxed dendrite on the settling velocity of the equiaxed dendrite was calibrated according to the experimental results. A comparison showed that the formula has a good accordance with the experimental results.     

二元层片共晶凝固过程的特征尺度选择

基于Jackson和Hunt二元规则共晶稳态生长理论,在共晶两相的界面溶质守恒条件中引入密度修正项,改进了共晶两相的界面溶质守恒条件.在此基础上,根据二元层片共晶常规凝固过程中层片组织稳态生长时Gibbs自由能的变化,运用极值形态选择原理确定二元层片共晶凝固过程中层片间距特征尺度选择准则.理论分析表明,对于给定二元共晶合金,在常规凝固条件下的层片间距选择通常为一有限区间.此外,理论分析还表明,二元层片共晶稳态生长时其特征尺度的选择可以呈现超稳定性,而且在给定的凝固条件下超稳定性只和给定合金系的物性参数有关.将该形态选择准则分别运用于物性参数精确已知的Al-Al2Cu,Sn-Pb和CBr4-C2Cl6合金系,表明计算结果与实验结果相符合.     

液氮冷却条件下激光快速熔凝Ni-28 wt%Sn合金组织演变

研究了在液氮冷却条件下激光快速熔凝Ni-28 wt%Sn亚共晶合金的组织演化过程. 结果显示, 熔池从上至下可以分为三个区域: 表层为平行激光扫描方向的α-Ni转向枝晶区; 中部为近乎垂直于熔池底部外延生长的α-Ni柱状晶区; 底部为少量的残留α-Ni初生相和大量的枝晶间(α-Ni+Ni₃Sn) 共晶组织. 激光熔凝区组织受原始基材组织的影响很大, 熔池中的α-Ni枝晶生长方向受到了热流方向和枝晶择优取向的双重影响. 与基材中存在的层片状、棒状和少量离异(α-Ni+Ni₃Sn)共晶的混合组织相比, 熔池内的共晶组织皆为细小的规则(α-Ni+Ni₃Sn)层片状共晶, 皆垂直于熔池底部外延生长, 并且从熔池顶部至底部, 共晶层片间距逐渐增大. 分别应用描述快速枝晶生长的Kurz-Giovanola-Trivedi 模型和描述快速共晶生长的Trivedi-Magnin-Kurz模型对熔池表层凝固界面前沿的过冷度进行估算, 发现熔池表层α-Ni 枝晶和(α-Ni+Ni₃Sn)层片共晶的生长过冷度在50.4-112.5 K 之间, 远大于相应深过冷凝固(α-Ni+Ni₃Sn) 反常共晶生长的临界过冷度20 K, 这说明文献报道的临界过冷度并不是反常共晶出现的充分条件.     

激光立体成形中熔池凝固微观组织的元胞自动机模拟

本文通过采用自适应网格技术, 将激光立体成形的宏观温度场模型和凝固微观组织的低网格各向异性元胞自动机模型(cellular automaton, CA)结合, 建立了适用于激光立体成形的集成数值模型. 模型包括基材的温度场分布, 熔池形貌和熔凝过程的凝固微观组织. 模拟了激光扫描速度为15 mm/s时, 激光作用在Fe-C单晶基材上形成熔池的形状以及熔池内凝固微观组织. 计算结果揭示了熔池内固液界面从平界面失稳到胞\枝晶的非稳态凝固过程, 并得到了平界面组织形成的白亮带. 白亮带上方形成了外延生长的枝晶列.     

Microstructure characteristics of laser forming repaired Ti60 alloy

The microstructure characteristics of laser forming repaired (LFR) Ti60 (Ti-5.6Al-4.8Sn-2Zr-1Mo-0.35Si-0.3Nb) as-deposited and annealed samples are analyzed. The microstructure of as-deposited repaired zone (RZ) consists of epitaxial columnar prior β grains, in which fine woven α laths and β-phase between α laths exist. The heat-affected zone (HAZ) experiences a continuous microstructural transition from duplex microstructure of the base metal zone (BMZ) to the microstructure of RZ. The presence of silicide precipitates is observed in both RZ and BMZ in an annealed sample by transmission electron microscopy. They are identified as (Ti, Zr) 6 Si 3 distributed mainly at the α/β interface with the size of 100 300 nm. The fine αprecipitates are detected in BMZ by electron diffraction; there was no α detected in RZ.